Table 2.

Factors which influence the identification of knowledge gaps

Property	Influencing factor				Example Quotes
	Learner factors	Assessment Factors	Resources Factors	Programme factors
Structure (Methodical versus Opportunistic	Past skills Pragmatism Personal life Professional responsibility	Exam Time leading up to the Exam	Instructional courses Commercial programmes (Orthobullets)	Consultant input Organisation of the rotations/teaching programme	P5: “I went through Rishi Dir’s videos (online instructional course), I knew that they were a thing that I had to learn whereas before that point, you don’t know that you have to know about the history of how theatres are designed” P3: “it’s sort of more experiential, directed by things that trigger you to learn a topic or based on your experience, which is like your clinical experience or the boss telling you about something.” P5: “Now I'm not going to do them all, but I'm going to read most of the topics in some kind of structured way so that in my head, I'm basically creating a filing system and I kind of know where you know my foot and ankle information is, my like basic science information is, my hips and knees and stuff is.” P3: “But that quickly became quite overwhelmingly massive in terms of the programme that I've chosen, so in the end, it became a bit more random.” P1: “I started picking. When I realised, I couldn’t keep up”