Table 3.
Number and area of aquatic habitats infested by different immature stages of different Anopheles in the rainy and dry seasons
| Season | Habitat types | Total number of potential habitats | No. habitats with Anopheles immatures, (% contribution) | Proportion of habitats infested by habitat category (%) | Median No. habitats with Anopheles immatures per village (range) | Total area of potential habitats | Total area (m2) of habitats with Anopheles immatures, (% contribution) | Proportion of area infested by habitat category | Median area (m2) of habitats infested with Anopheles immatures per village (range) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Any Anopheles | |||||||||
| Rainy season | Ground pools | 48 (2.5%) | 27 (3.8%) | 56.2 | 7 (0–10) | 1,160,762 (68.3%) | 1,099,282 (88.3%) | 94.7% | 1113 (0 (− 988,309) |
| Human-made habitats | 225 (11.7%) | 88 (12.2%) | 39.1 | 11 (8–45) | 28,378 (1.7%) | 14,430 (1.2%) | 50.8% | 1182 (313 (− 10,232) | |
| Rice fields | 103 (5.4%) | 45 (6.3%) | 43.7 | 9 (0–23) | 370,741 (21.8%) | 98,407 (7.9%) | 26.5% | 9628 (0 (− 48,699) | |
| River/stream segments | 1104 (57.4%) | 341 (47.4%) | 30.9 | 38 (5–205) | 125,169 (7.4%) | 30,246 (2.4%) | 24.2% | 4903 (450 (− 16,026) | |
| Springs/wells | 351 (18.3%) | 186 (25.9%) | 53.0 | 25 (1–96) | 9128 (0.5%) | 804 (0.1%) | 8.8% | 106 (1 (− 401) | |
| Other small habitats | 92 (4.8%) | 32 (4.5%) | 34.8 | 3 (1–22) | 4264 (0.3%) | 1387 (0.1%) | 32.5% | 53 (4 (− 951) | |
| Subtotal* | 1923 (100%) | 719 (100%) | 37.4 | 66.5 (27–341) | 1,698,441 (100%) | 1,244,555 (100%) | 73.3% | 22,338 (804–1,099,282) | |
| Dry season | Ground pools | 74 (4.8%) | 41 (8.6%) | 55.4 | 7 (0–13) | 646,363 (72.8%) | 576,249 (87.6%) | 89.2% | 17,549 (0 (− 392,015) |
| Human-made habitats | 67 (4.4%) | 32 (6.7%) | 47.8 | 5 (0–9) | 15,680 (1.8%) | 14,884 (2.3%) | 94.9% | 193 (0 (− 7519) | |
| Rice fields | 26 (1.7%) | 7 (1.5%) | 26.9 | 0 (0–3) | 87,926 (9.9%) | 32,530 (4.9%) | 37% | 0 (0 (− 27,273) | |
| River/stream segments | 910 (59.6%) | 334 (70.3%) | 36.7 | 39 (21–91) | 135,408 (15.3%) | 33,468 (5.1%) | 24.7% | 4623 (2234 (− 6733) | |
| Springs/wells | 401 (26.2%) | 43 (9.1%) | 10.7 | 8 (1–10) | 1350 (0.2%) | 214 (0%) | 15.9% | 30 (2 (− 80) | |
| Other small habitats | 50 (3.3%) | 18 (3.8%) | 36.0 | 1 (0–7) | 936 (0.1%) | 495 (0.1%) | 52.9% | 33 (0 (− 191) | |
| Subtotal* | 1528 (100%) | 475 (100%) | 31.1 | 36.5 (7–334) | 887,662 (100%) | 657,841 (100%) | 74.1% | 23,707 (214–576,249) | |
| Late instars of An. funestus | |||||||||
| Rainy season | Ground pools | 48 (2.5%) | 17 (5.4%) | 35.4 | 4 (0–7) | 1,160,762 (68.3%) | 1,075,964 (95.5%) | 92.7% | 1052 (0 (− 965,258) |
| Human-made habitats | 225 (11.7%) | 35 (11.0%) | 15.6 | 5 (4–16) | 28,378 (1.7%) | 6664 (0.6%) | 23.5% | 700 (190 (− 4555) | |
| Rice fields | 103 (5.4%) | 12 (3.8%) | 11.7 | 2 (0–5) | 370,741 (21.8%) | 25,637 (2.3%) | 6.9% | 1648 (0 (− 14,310) | |
| River/stream segments | 1104 (57.4%) | 209 (65.9%) | 18.9 | 16 (5–146) | 125,169 (7.4%) | 17,954 (1.6%) | 14.3% | 1584 (450 (− 12,628) | |
| Springs/wells | 351 (18.3%) | 38 (12.0%) | 10.8 | 7 (1–16) | 9128 (0.5%) | 225 (0%) | 2.5% | 30 (1 (− 89) | |
| Other small habitats | 92 (4.8%) | 6 (1.9%) | 6.5 | 1 (0–2) | 4264 (0.3%) | 625 (0.1%) | 14.7% | 16 (0 (− 558) | |
| Subtotal* | 1923 (100%) | 317 (100%) | 16.5 | 26 (6–209) | 1,698,442 (100%) | 1,127,069 (100%) | 66.4% | 12,309 (225–1,075,964) | |
| Dry season | Ground pools | 74 (4.8%) | 20 (8.6%) | 27.0 | 3 (0–7) | 646,363 (72.8%) | 325,325 (90.2%) | 50.3% | 4618 (0 (− 245,934) |
| Human-made habitats | 67 (4.4%) | 10 (4.3%) | 14.9 | 1 (0–5) | 15,680 (1.8%) | 13,995 (3.9%) | 89.3% | 52 (0 (− 7503) | |
| Rice fields | 26 (1.7%) | 3 (1.3%) | 11.5 | 0 (0–2) | 87,926 (9.9%) | 1370 (0.4%) | 1.6% | 0 (0 (− 1272) | |
| River/stream segments | 910 (59.6%) | 188 (80.7%) | 20.7 | 19 (6–79) | 135,408 (15.3%) | 19,803 (5.5%) | 14.6% | 1924 (1147 (− 6132) | |
| Springs/wells | 401 (26.2%) | 11 (4.7%) | 2.7 | 3 (1–4) | 1350 (0.2%) | 104 (0%) | 7.7% | 22 (1 (− 58) | |
| Other small habitats | 50 (3.3%) | 1 (0.4%) | 2.0 | 0 (0–1) | 936 (0.1%) | 1 (0%) | 0.1% | 0 (0 (− 1) | |
| Subtotal* | 1528 (100%) | 233 (100%) | 15.2 | 10.5 (1–188) | 887,662 (100%) | 360,597 (100%) | 40.6% | 7683 (1–325,325) | |
| Late instars of An. arabiensis | |||||||||
| Rainy season | Ground pools | 48 (2.5%) | 12 (5.6%) | 25.0 | 1 (0–8) | 1,160,762 (68.3%) | 1,086,758 (93.8%) | 93.6% | 100 (0 (− 977,509) |
| Human-made habitats | 225 (11.7%) | 26 (12.1%) | 11.6 | 5 (0–12) | 28,378 (1.7%) | 6537 (0.6%) | 23.0% | 321 (0 (− 5435) | |
| Rice fields | 103 (5.4%) | 23 (10.7%) | 22.3 | 1 (0–17) | 370,741 (21.8%) | 55,814 (4.8%) | 15.1% | 5068 (0 (− 30,745) | |
| River/stream segments | 1104 (57.4%) | 42 (19.5%) | 3.8 | 8 (0–20) | 125,169 (7.4%) | 8062 (0.7%) | 6.4% | 1139 (0 (− 4050) | |
| Springs/wells | 351 (18.3%) | 97 (45.1%) | 27.6 | 24 (1–48) | 9128 (0.5%) | 518 (0%) | 5.7% | 87 (22 (− 322) | |
| Other small habitats | 92 (4.8%) | 15 (7.0%) | 16.3 | 0 (0–13) | 4264 (0.3%) | 886 (0.1%) | 20.8% | 0 (0 (− 527) | |
| Subtotal* | 1923 (100%) | 215 (100%) | 11.2 | 24.5 (12–97) | 1,698,442 (100%) | 1,158,574 (100%) | 68.2% | 7299 (518–1,086,758) | |
| Dry season | Ground pools | 74 (4.8%) | 15 (10.1%) | 20.3 | 0 (0–7) | 646,363 (72.8%) | 268,374 (89.1%) | 41.5% | 0 (0 (− 247,540) |
| Human-made habitats | 67 (4.4%) | 6 (4.1%) | 9.0 | 0 (0–3) | 15,680 (1.8%) | 151 (0.1%) | 1.0% | 0 (0 (− 126) | |
| Rice fields | 26 (1.7%) | 2 (1.4%) | 7.7 | 0 (0–1) | 87,926 (9.9%) | 20,211 (6.7%) | 23.0% | 0 (0 (− 16,324) | |
| River/stream segments | 910 (59.6%) | 100 (67.6%) | 11.0 | 11 (1–40) | 135,407 (15.3%) | 12,048 (4.0%) | 8.9% | 1234 (118 (− 3865) | |
| Springs/wells | 401 (26.2%) | 12 (8.1%) | 3.0 | 1 (1–5) | 1350 (0.2%) | 56 (0%) | 4.2% | 12 (0 (− 30) | |
| Other small habitats | 50 (3.3%) | 13 (8.8%) | 26.0 | 1 (0–4) | 936 (0.1%) | 408 (0.1%) | 43.6% | 33 (0 (− 191) | |
| Subtotal* | 1528 (100%) | 148 (100%) | 9.7 | 12.5 (2–100) | 887,662 (100%) | 301,248 (100%) | 33.9% | 6228 (56–268,374) | |
*Numbers and areas of habitats were calculated from a different number of villages in rainy (5 villages: Chikuti, Chirombola, Ebuyu, Kichangani, and Mzelezi) and dry (7 villages: Chirombola, Ebuyu, Iragua, Kichangani, Kidugalo, and Mwaya and Mzelezi) seasons