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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2026 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2024 Oct 10;171:107215. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2024.107215

Table 4.

Linear Regression Model Results.

IGF-1 Post-Exercise
DF β (SE) p Effect Size 95% Effect Size Confidence Interval

Model 1 (Depression Severity) 131
Healthy Control REF REF REF
 Mild Depression −0.13 (3.11) 0.97 0.01 −0.40, 0.42
 Moderate Depression −1.09 (4.51) 0.81 0.07 −0.52. 0.66
Age −0.18 (0.15) 0.22
Sex −2.81 (2.61) 0.29
IGF-1 Pre-Exercise 0.94 (0.03) <0.001
Model 2 (Antidepressant Usage) 140
Healthy Control REF REF REF
 SSRI 0.20 (4.26) 0.96 −0.01 −0.58, 0.55
 Other 1.33 (4.23) 0.75 −0.09 −0.65, 0.47
 No Antidepressant −1.41 (3.13) 0.65 0.09 −0.32, 0.51
Age −0.22 (0.14) 0.14
Sex −3.28 (2.51) 0.19
IGF-1 Pre-Exercise 0.95 (0.03) <0.001
Model 3 (Physical Activity) 106
HEPA REF REF REF
 Inactive −4.35 (3.76) 0.25 0.34 −0.25, 0.93
 Insufficiently Active 2.93 (3.09) 0.35 −0.23 −0.72, 0.25
Age −0.09 (0.15) 0.55
Sex −4.59 (2.42) 0.06
IGF-1 Pre-Exercise 0.96 (0.03) <0.001

Note: HAMD Categories: 0–6 (Healthy Control), 7–14 (Mild Depression Severity), 15+ (Moderate Depression Severity). HEPA: Health Enhancing Physical Activity. Inactive (0 – 599 MET min/wk), Minimally Active (600 – 2999 MET min/wk), HEPA (3000+ MET min/wk)