Table 4.
Subgroup analyses for the association of dietary niacin intake with cardiovascular mortality.
| Outcomes | Total | Cases | Dietary niacin intake, mg/day | P value for trend | P value for interaction | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quintile 1 (< 16.51) |
Quintile 2 (16.51–22.45) |
Quintile 3 (22.46–30.15) |
Quintile 4 (≥ 30.16) |
|||||
| Age | 0.723 | |||||||
| < 65 | 20,204 | 236 | 1 [Ref] | 1.06(0.64–1.77) | 1.04(0.63–1.72) | 0.74(0.44–1.25) | 0.162 | |
| P value | 0.823 | 0.874 | 0.265 | |||||
| ≥ 65 | 6542 | 860 | 1 [Ref] | 0.80(0.60–1.05) | 0.75(0.59–0.95) | 0.56(0.42–0.74) | < 0.001 | |
| P value | 0.111 | 0.017 | < 0.001 | |||||
| Sex | 0.096 | |||||||
| Male | 12,951 | 625 | 1 [Ref] | 1.10(0.80–1.51) | 0.99(0.74–1.33) | 0.90(0.65–1.26) | 0.324 | |
| P value | 0.555 | 0.963 | 0.550 | |||||
| Female | 13,795 | 471 | 1 [Ref] | 0.79(0.56–1.11) | 0.82(0.60–1.13) | 0.42(0.24–0.75) | 0.008 | |
| P value | 0.176 | 0.220 | 0.003 | |||||
| White | 0.483 | |||||||
| Yes | 12,727 | 727 | 1 [Ref] | 0.87(0.68–1.11) | 0.81(0.65–0.99) | 0.65(0.49–0.88) | 0.002 | |
| P value | 0.260 | 0.044 | 0.004 | |||||
| No | 14,019 | 369 | 1 [Ref] | 0.93(0.64–1.35) | 1.05(0.68–1.63) | 1.09(0.61–1.92) | 0.731 | |
| P value | 0.704 | 0.827 | 0.780 | |||||
| Education | 0.347 | |||||||
| Less than high school | 6401 | 393 | 1 [Ref] | 1.06(0.81–1.39) | 1.04(0.76–1.43) | 0.78(0.49–1.25) | 0.416 | |
| P value | 0.654 | 0.802 | 0.305 | |||||
| High school graduation/GED | 6209 | 292 | 1 [Ref] | 0.85(0.58–1.26) | 0.94(0.63–1.39) | 0.97(0.65–1.43) | 0.977 | |
| P value | 0.423 | 0.748 | 0.870 | |||||
| More than high school | 14,136 | 411 | 1 [Ref] | 0.78(0.57–1.08) | 0.65(0.45–0.94) | 0.55(0.36–0.83) | 0.004 | |
| P value | 0.136 | 0.024 | 0.005 | |||||
| BMI | 0.181 | |||||||
| < 25 | 7579 | 298 | 1 [Ref] | 0.88(0.59–1.31) | 0.65(0.41–1.02) | 0.89(0.56–1.41) | 0.401 | |
| P value | 0.530 | 0.063 | 0.615 | |||||
| 25–29.9 | 9080 | 379 | 1 [Ref] | 1.11(0.75–1.63) | 0.98(0.74–1.30) | 0.90(0.61–1.32) | 0.446 | |
| P value | 0.602 | 0.882 | 0.589 | |||||
| ≥ 30 | 10,087 | 419 | 1 [Ref] | 0.79(0.55–1.12) | 0.97(0.67–1.42) | 0.52(0.30–0.88) | 0.035 | |
| P value | 0.182 | 0.893 | 0.015 | |||||
| Smoking | 0.131 | |||||||
| Yes | 12,193 | 614 | 1 [Ref] | 0.72(0.56–0.94) | 0.76(0.58–0.99) | 0.71(0.53–0.96) | 0.044 | |
| P value | 0.014 | 0.045 | 0.027 | |||||
| No | 14,553 | 482 | 1 [Ref] | 1.14(0.79–1.64) | 1.01(0.74–1.38) | 0.70(0.46–1.09) | 0.095 | |
| P value | 0.474 | 0.934 | 0.114 | |||||
| Alcohol consumption | 0.707 | |||||||
| < 12 alcohol drinks/year | 19,100 | 711 | 1 [Ref] | 0.90(0.71–1.13) | 0.90(0.70–1.17) | 0.78(0.58–1.05) | 0.127 | |
| P value | 0.347 | 0.438 | 0.105 | |||||
| ≥ 12 alcohol drinks/year | 7646 | 385 | 1 [Ref] | 0.92(0.62–1.35) | 0.78(0.52–1.17) | 0.62(0.37–1.03) | 0.050 | |
| P value | 0.661 | 0.235 | 0.064 | |||||
| Hypertension | 0.342 | |||||||
| Yes | 11,390 | 853 | 1 [Ref] | 0.88(0.68–1.14) | 0.85(0.67–1.08) | 0.82(0.62–1.10) | 0.163 | |
| P value | 0.328 | 0.186 | 0.186 | |||||
| No | 15,356 | 243 | 1 [Ref] | 0.89(0.56–1.42) | 0.86(0.58–1.27) | 0.46(0.24–0.87) | 0.007 | |
| P value | 0.635 | 0.441 | 0.016 | |||||
| Diabetes | 0.125 | |||||||
| Yes | 4052 | 353 | 1 [Ref] | 1.07(0.80–1.44) | 1.16(0.81–1.65) | 0.85(0.53–1.36) | 0.557 | |
| P value | 0.652 | 0.419 | 0.497 | |||||
| No | 22,694 | 743 | 1 [Ref] | 0.82(0.63–1.08) | 0.76(0.61–0.94) | 0.68(0.50–0.93) | 0.007 | |
| P value | 0.164 | 0.012 | 0.015 | |||||
| Dyslipidemia | 0.122 | |||||||
| Yes | 9294 | 569 | 1 [Ref] | 0.93(0.69–1.25) | 0.99(0.77–1.26) | 0.78(0.54–1.11) | 0.188 | |
| P value | 0.622 | 0.908 | 0.169 | |||||
| No | 17,452 | 527 | 1 [Ref] | 0.84(0.62–1.14) | 0.70(0.53–0.93) | 0.67(0.48–0.94) | 0.012 | |
| P value | 0.266 | 0.014 | 0.021 | |||||
| Cancer | 0.120 | |||||||
| Yes | 2608 | 219 | 1 [Ref] | 0.54(0.33–0.90) | 0.80(0.52–1.24) | 0.59(0.33–1.05) | 0.201 | |
| P value | 0.017 | 0.322 | 0.074 | |||||
| No | 24,138 | 877 | 1 [Ref] | 1.06(0.83–1.34) | 0.88(0.69–1.11) | 0.78(0.58–1.06) | 0.054 | |
| P value | 0.650 | 0.273 | 0.114 | |||||
| Cardiovascular disease | 0.630 | |||||||
| Yes | 2857 | 465 | 1 [Ref] | 0.99(0.73–1.35) | 0.93(0.67–1.28) | 0.94(0.64–1.37) | 0.687 | |
| P value | 0.958 | 0.653 | 0.744 | |||||
| No | 23,889 | 631 | 1 [Ref] | 0.83(0.61–1.13) | 0.83(0.61–1.12) | 0.61(0.42–0.89) | 0.007 | |
| P value | 0.243 | 0.223 | 0.010 | |||||
| eGFR | 0.563 | |||||||
| < 60 | 2468 | 433 | 1 [Ref] | 0.90(0.65–1.26) | 1.02(0.74–1.41) | 0.73(0.45–1.19) | 0.328 | |
| P value | 0.555 | 0.887 | 0.211 | |||||
| ≥ 60 | 24,278 | 663 | 1 [Ref] | 0.87(0.69–1.09) | 0.76(0.57–1.00) | 0.69(0.49–0.97) | 0.027 | |
| P value | 0.227 | 0.050 | 0.034 | |||||
|
HR, Hazard ratio; Ref, reference; BMI, body mass index; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate. Model 2 was adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, educational level, smoking, alcohol consumption, BMI, disease conditions (hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular disease, and cancer) and eGFR. P value for trend was obtained from Cox models with the medians of each dietary niacin intake quartile as a continuous variable. | ||||||||