Fig. 7. Schematic diagram of the mechanisms by which GPRC5A facilitates the implantation and colonization of ESCC cells, mediated through the WWP1-LATS1-YAP1 signaling axis.

Activated GPRC5A interacts with WWP1, which promotes the polyubiquitination and degradation of LATS1. This process eliminates LATS1’s inhibitory effects on YAP1 nuclear translocation, thereby enhancing the activation of downstream metastasis-related genes. This figure is drawn by figdraw.com.