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. 2024 Nov 16;15:9949. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-54364-1

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — a Spotwise gene set activity scores in the Club region (n = 5595) compared to other epithelial regions (n = 59,198). Asterisks indicate two-sided independent samples t-test p-value (p < 0.05) and effect size: *Other 70th percentile <Club region mean; **Other 80th percentile <Club region mean; ***Other 90th percentile <Club region mean b Gene set score correlation for club-cell signature and high neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio-associated (NLR) signature in epithelial regions. c A Venn diagram of gene sets shown in (a). d Scaled gene expression in SCM regions divided by sample category. Genes are grouped according to immunological function. TRP: tissue-resident program, T3 Res: Type 3 immune response, T1 Res: Type 1 immune response, T_reg: regulatory T cells, TLS: Tertiary lymphoid structure, Dev.: Developmental program, T: transcription factor, L: chemokine ligand, R: chemokine receptor.