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. 2024 Nov 16;15:9949. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-54364-1

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — a Venn diagram showing overlaps between PMN-MDSC activity, epithelial senescence, and club-region upregulated gene sets. b Dot plot of normalized gene expression in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer samples. Data and clusters as reported in He et al. 2021⁵⁸. c Expression-based clustering overlaid on two prostate cancer metastasis ST samples. d Cluster-specific gene set scores in MET A (n = 2190) and MET B (n = 2346) ST spots. The dashed line marks the overall score median. Asterisks indicate two-sided independent samples t-test p-value (p < 0.05) and effect size (*cluster 30^th percentile > overall median; **cluster 20^th percentile > overall median; *cluster 10^th percentile > overall median) e Log-transformed overrepresentation p_adj among each clusters overexpressed genes. One-sided Fisher’s exact test was used. f Scaled gene expression of pseudo-bulk spatial transcriptomics samples. g, h Score correlation for the Club-like senescence and PMN-MDSC activity signatures in TCGA PRAD (n = 551) and SU2C (n = 266) cohorts. Two-sided Spearman correlation coefficient and p-value are shown. Error bands in light grey span the 95% confidence interval calculated using a bootstrap. i Violin plot of normalized gene expression in pseudo-bulk spatial transcriptomics samples. Asterisks indicate differential gene expression test significance levels between treatment-naïve (n = 17) and neoadjuvant-treated (n = 22) prostate cancer samples (*p_adj <0.05, **p_adj < 0.01, ***p_adj < 0.001, two-sided Wald test). PMN-MDSC: polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cell; TRNA: treatment-naïve protate cancer (n = 17), NEADT: neoadjuvant-treated prostate cancer (n = 22); CRPC castration-resistant prostate cancer (n = 5), BIC bicalutamide, GOS goserelin, DEG degarelix, APA apalutamide.