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. 2024 Nov 14;12:e18423. doi: 10.7717/peerj.18423

Table 2. Frequency of DESS symptoms (N = 328).

Never Occasionally Often/always
N % N % N %
Vision-related symptoms
Blurred vision 85 25.9 135 41.2 108 32.9
Double vision 190 57.9 85 25.9 53 16.2
Difficulty focusing for
near vision
120 36.6 127 38.7 81 24.7
Increased sensitivity
to light
73 22.3 145 44.2 110 33.5
Colored halos
around objects
153 46.6 89 27.1 86 26.2
The feeling of poor vision 103 31.4 136 41.5 89 27.1
Eye related symptoms
Eye pain 89 27.1 144 43.9 95 29.0
Heavy eyelids 153 46.6 86 26.2 89 27.1
Burning 106 32.3 127 38.7 95 29.0
Itching 105 32.0 122 37.2 101 30.8
Eye redness 139 42.4 108 32.9 81 24.7
Eye dryness 75 22.9 138 42.1 115 35.1
Frequent tear 151 46.0 104 31.7 73 22.3
Excessive blinking 144 43.9 119 36.3 65 19.8
The feeling of a foreign body 145 44.2 100 30.5 83 25.3
Headache 47 14.3 142 43.3 139 42.4
Total reported symptoms of DESS- n (%)
Sufferers 236 (72.0)
Non-sufferers 92 (28.0)