Fig. 1.

Three functional feeding groups (mining, galling, and external feeding), including two types of mines, occurring on a single leaf of “Cupania” grosse-serrata (Sapindaceae; MPEF-Pb 983, from locality LH-2). The photographed specimen at upper right is depicted as a camera lucida drawing at left, with intervening circular Insets. (Scale bars, 2 mm.) Insets show the following details (from top to bottom): an unattributed blotch mine with remnant frass; a cluster of three galls with exit holes along a secondary vein; a gall whose margin has been consumed by an external feeder; two galls, one of which has been consumed by an external feeder; and two linear, probably lepidopteran gracillariid, mines with early sap-feeding and subsequent solid-feeding instars, the latter characterized by serpentine frass trails. Crosscutting feeding relationships and gall placement show the temporal order of herbivory events to be mining, galling, and external foliage feeding.