Figure 2.

Characteristics of cellular senescence. The senescence response leads to significant alterations in cellular phenotype. These alterations encompass a largely irreversible cessation of cell proliferation, the acquisition of apoptosis resistance, and modifications in gene expression patterns. The presence or manifestation of senescence-associated markers, such as senescence-associated β-galactosidase, p16, senescence-associated DNA damage foci, and SAHFs, are neither consistently observed nor exclusive to the senescent state, and thus are not depicted.