Table 3.
Mixed-model results, including mean estimate under each treatment, the difference of treatments (tDCS + rTMS vs. sham tDCS + rTMS vs. tDCS + sham rTMS), effect size and significance level
| Primary outcomes | Adjusted mean (95% CI)a | Treatment effect estimate (95% CI) | Effect sizeb (p value) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment A | Treatment B | Treatment C | Treatment A vs C | Treatment B vs C | Treatment A vs B | Treatment A vs C | Treatment B vs C | Treatment A vs B | |
| PSQI total score | 9.21 (8.71 to 9.71) | 10.03 (9.51 to 10.56) | 10.76 (10.24 to 11.28) | − 2.14 (− 2.90 to − 1.38) | − 1.04 (− 1.82 to − 0.26) | − 1.10(− 1.82 to − 0.38) | − 0.82 (0.000) | − 0.39 (0.010) | − 0.44 (0.003) |
| Sleep quality | 1.25 (1.13 to 1.36) | 1.34 (1.22 to 1.46) | 1.53 (1.41 to 1.66) | − 0.52 (− 0.71 to − 0.32) | − 0.21 (− 0.42 to − 0.01) | − 0.30(− 0.48 to − 0.13) | − 0.66 (0.000) | − 0.44 (0.041) | − 0.21 (0.001) |
| Sleep latency | 1.38 (1.27 to 1.50) | 1.50 (1.38 to 1.62) | 1.50 (1.38 to 1.62) | − 0.121 (− 0.30 to − 0.06) | − 0.003 (− 0.19 to 0.19) | − 0.12(− 0.30 to − 0.05) | − 0.27 (0.194) | 0.00 (0.974) | − 0.27 (0.155) |
| Sleep duration | 0.94 (0.80 to 1.09) | 1.14 (0.98 to 1.29) | 1.33 (1.18 to 1.48) | − 0.33 (− 0.55 to − 0.12) | − 0.36 (− 0.58 to − 0.14) | 0.02(− 0.17 to 0.22) | − 0.72 (0.002) | − 0.36 (0.001) | − 0.36 (0.814) |
| Sleep efficiency | 1.09 (0.95 to 1.23) | 1.28 (1.13 to 1.43) | 1.78 (1.63 to 1.93) | − 0.71 (− 0.95 to − 0.48) | − 0.55 (− 0.79 to − 0.31) | − 0.17(− 0.41 to 0.08) | − 1.30 (0.000) | − 0.94 (0.000) | − 0.35 (0.185) |
| Sleep disturbance | 1.12 (1.02 to 1.22) | 1.18 (1.07 to 1.28) | 1.15 (1.04 to 1.24) | − 0.12 (− 0.27 to − 0.04) | − 0.12 (− 0.28 to − 0.04) | 0.00(− 0.20 to 0.20) | − 0.05 (0.136) | 0.10 (0.147) | − 0.15 (1.000) |
| Sleep medication | 2.13 (2.01 to 2.26) | 2.24 (2.10 to 2.37) | 2.29 (2.16 to 2.42) | − 0.26 (− 0.44 to − 0.08) | − 0.03 (− 0.21 to − 0.16) | − 0.24(− 0.42 to − 0.05) | − 0.32 (0.004) | − 0.11 (0.788) | − 0.21 (0.013) |
| Daytime dysfunction | 1.30 (1.18 to 1.41) | 1.37 (1.24 to 1.49) | 1.19 (1.07 to 1.31) | − 0.07 (− 0.22 to 0.07) | 0.22 (0.07 to 0.37) | − 0.30(− 0.44 to − 0.15) | 0.25 (0.301) | 0.41 (0.003) | − 0.16 (0.000) |
PSQI Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, CI confidence interval
Treatment A = tDCS + rTMS group, Treatment B = sham tDCS + rTMS group, Treatment C = tDCS + sham rTMS group
aMeans adjusted for sequence and period
bCohens d effect size