Table 1.
Age-standardized incidence, death and DALY rates for GI cancers in adolescents and young adults in the Asia-Pacific region in 1990 and 2019 and their temporal trends from 1990 to 2019.
| Characteristics | Age-standardized incidence rate per 100,000 population |
Age-standardized death rate per 100,000 population |
Age-standardized DALY rate per 100,000 population |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1990 No. (95% CI) | 2019 No. (95% CI) | EAPC No. (95% CI) | 1990 No. (95% CI) | 2019 No. (95% CI) | EAPC No. (95% CI) | 1990 No. (95% CI) | 2019 No. (95% CI) | EAPC No. (95% CI) | |
| Asia-Pacific region | 8.02 (7.97 to 8.07) | 6.77 (6.73 to 6.81) | −1.10 (–1.30 to −0.91) | 6.03 (5.99 to 6.07) | 3.54 (3.51 to 3.57) | −2.48 (–2.74 to −2.22) | 338.20 (337.87 to 338.53) | 200.47 (200.26 to 200.68) | −2.44 (–2.70 to −2.18) |
| Sex | |||||||||
| Male | 9.61 (9.53 to 9.69) | 8.70 (8.64 to 8.76) | −0.80 (–0.96 to −0.63) | 7.34 (7.27 to 7.40) | 4.47 (4.43 to 4.52) | −2.33 (–2.55 to −2.11) | 409.42 (408.91 to 409.93) | 252.08 (251.75 to 252.41) | −2.29 (–2.51 to −2.07) |
| Female | 6.35 (6.28 to 6.41) | 4.77 (4.73 to 4.82) | −1.57 (–1.86 to −1.28) | 4.65 (4.60 to 4.71) | 2.57 (2.54 to 2.61) | −2.69 (–3.03 to −2.35) | 263.15 (262.73 to 263.57) | 147.20 (146.95 to 147.46) | −2.66 (–3.01 to −2.31) |
| SDI quintile | |||||||||
| High | 11.27 (11.05 to 11.50) | 8.06 (7.86 to 8.26) | −1.24 (–1.33 to −1.15) | 5.58 (5.42 to 5.74) | 2.47 (2.37 to 2.59) | −3.09 (–3.20 to −2.98) | 315.03 (313.83 to 316.22) | 141.16 (140.33 to 141.99) | −3.04 (–3.15 to −2.93) |
| High-middle | 3.50 (3.08 to 3.97) | 4.41 (4.07 to 4.78) | 0.36 (0.11 to 0.60) | 2.51 (2.15 to 2.92) | 2.39 (2.14 to 2.66) | −0.60 (–0.82 to −0.37) | 141.95 (139.16 to 144.78) | 135.66 (133.73 to 137.60) | −0.60 (–0.82 to −0.37) |
| Middle | 10.49 (10.42 to 10.57) | 9.94 (9.87 to 10.00) | −0.82 (–1.10 to −0.55) | 8.15 (8.08 to 8.22) | 4.62 (4.58 to 4.67) | −2.75 (–3.08 to −2.42) | 455.42 (454.91 to 455.93) | 261.97 (261.62 to 262.31) | −2.70 (–3.03 to −2.37) |
| Low-middle | 3.45 (3.39 to 3.51) | 3.19 (3.15 to 3.23) | −0.46 (–0.60 to −0.32) | 2.78 (2.72 to 2.83) | 2.40 (2.36 to 2.43) | −0.67 (–0.83 to −0.52) | 158.27 (157.87 to 158.67) | 136.06 (135.79 to 136.34) | −0.70 (–0.86 to −0.55) |
| Low | 3.14 (2.98 to 3.31) | 3.99 (3.87 to 4.11) | 0.71 (0.47 to 0.96) | 2.55 (2.40 to 2.70) | 3.11 (3.01 to 3.22) | 0.57 (0.30 to 0.85) | 143.36 (142.24 to 144.49) | 175.50 (174.70 to 176.30) | 0.57 (0.30 to 0.84) |
| Countries and territories | |||||||||
| Afghanistan | 9.63 (8.47 to 10.91) | 7.67 (7.16 to 8.20) | −0.77 (–0.90 to −0.63) | 8.01 (6.94 to 9.20) | 6.30 (5.84 to 6.79) | −0.82 (–0.97 to −0.68) | 451.89 (443.71 to 460.19) | 354.58 (351.06 to 358.11) | −0.83 (–0.97 to −0.68) |
| American Samoa | 6.38 (0.24 to 34.47) | 7.56 (0.43 to 36.48) | 0.70 (0.58 to 0.83) | 4.61 (0.06 to 31.58) | 5.14 (0.09 to 32.55) | 0.48 (0.35 to 0.61) | 263.48 (193.81 to 351.02) | 294.21 (220.10 to 386.20) | 0.49 (0.36 to 0.62) |
| Australia | 4.47 (3.99 to 5.00) | 5.88 (5.39 to 6.40) | 1.13 (0.96 to 1.30) | 1.78 (1.49 to 2.12) | 1.69 (1.44 to 1.99) | −0.04 (–0.19 to 0.10) | 101.94 (99.60 to 104.33) | 97.71 (95.70 to 99.76) | −0.02 (–0.16 to 0.12) |
| Bangladesh | 3.06 (2.88 to 3.24) | 2.08 (1.97 to 2.19) | −1.60 (–1.79 to −1.41) | 2.49 (2.33 to 2.65) | 1.56 (1.46 to 1.66) | −1.84 (–2.01 to −1.67) | 143.32 (142.10 to 144.55) | 89.89 (89.17 to 90.62) | −1.85 (–2.03 to −1.67) |
| Bhutan | 2.58 (0.86 to 6.07) | 2.31 (1.00 to 4.59) | −0.61 (–0.70 to −0.52) | 2.12 (0.60 to 5.44) | 1.70 (0.62 to 3.78) | −0.99 (–1.08 to −0.90) | 118.91 (104.36 to 135.01) | 96.05 (86.02 to 106.96) | −0.98 (–1.07 to −0.89) |
| Brunei Darussalam | 9.97 (5.18 to 17.48) | 8.26 (4.90 to 13.29) | −0.70 (–1.02 to −0.37) | 6.42 (2.74 to 12.89) | 4.29 (2.00 to 8.30) | −1.41 (–1.73 to −1.10) | 365.55 (332.45 to 401.13) | 243.03 (222.78 to 264.79) | −1.44 (–1.75 to −1.12) |
| Cambodia | 6.55 (5.72 to 7.48) | 5.53 (4.99 to 6.11) | −0.73 (–0.78 to −0.68) | 5.16 (4.42 to 6.00) | 3.91 (3.46 to 4.41) | −1.09 (–1.16 to −1.03) | 299.60 (293.81 to 305.49) | 227.83 (224.31 to 231.40) | −1.09 (–1.15 to −1.02) |
| China | 12.44 (12.34 to 12.54) | 12.53 (12.44 to 12.62) | −0.65 (–0.97 to −0.33) | 9.67 (9.58 to 9.76) | 5.47 (5.41 to 5.53) | −2.85 (–3.21 to −2.48) | 540.38 (539.74 to 541.02) | 309.58 (309.11 to 310.04) | −2.80 (–3.17 to −2.43) |
| Cook Islands | 5.66 (0.00 to 70.91) | 5.50 (0.00 to 77.40) | 0.12 (–0.18 to 0.43) | 3.98 (0.00 to 67.95) | 3.31 (0.00 to 73.19) | −0.33 (–0.63 to −0.02) | 226.13 (128.51 to 371.95) | 187.58 (92.64 to 339.01) | −0.35 (–0.65 to −0.06) |
| Democratic People’s Republic of Korea | 11.67 (10.91 to 12.46) | 8.73 (8.17 to 9.31) | −1.15 (–1.28 to −1.01) | 8.53 (7.88 to 9.22) | 6.06 (5.60 to 6.55) | −1.33 (–1.41 to −1.24) | 479.45 (474.52 to 484.42) | 342.77 (339.25 to 346.32) | −1.30 (–1.39 to −1.22) |
| Fiji | 3.98 (2.05 to 7.03) | 4.26 (2.41 to 7.00) | 0.50 (0.06 to 0.93) | 3.01 (1.37 to 5.79) | 3.05 (1.53 to 5.46) | 0.34 (–0.10 to 0.78) | 172.39 (157.83 to 187.97) | 174.97 (161.63 to 189.12) | 0.35 (–0.10 to 0.80) |
| Guam | 4.52 (0.86 to 14.01) | 7.79 (2.33 to 19.15) | 1.71 (1.48 to 1.94) | 2.70 (0.24 to 11.20) | 4.64 (0.83 to 14.55) | 1.84 (1.64 to 2.05) | 156.41 (126.80 to 191.04) | 264.04 (223.68 to 309.66) | 1.77 (1.58 to 1.96) |
| India | 3.16 (3.10 to 3.22) | 3.12 (3.08 to 3.17) | −0.20 (–0.38 to −0.02) | 2.56 (2.50 to 2.62) | 2.37 (2.33 to 2.41) | −0.41 (–0.60 to −0.22) | 145.91 (145.48 to 146.33) | 134.07 (133.77 to 134.37) | −0.45 (–0.64 to −0.25) |
| Indonesia | 3.53 (3.39 to 3.67) | 3.62 (3.51 to 3.74) | −0.02 (–0.16 to 0.12) | 2.70 (2.58 to 2.83) | 2.37 (2.28 to 2.46) | −0.56 (–0.72 to −0.40) | 154.35 (153.43 to 155.27) | 136.10 (135.41 to 136.80) | −0.54 (–0.70 to −0.38) |
| Iran (Islamic Republic of) | 4.25 (3.96 to 4.55) | 4.42 (4.21 to 4.63) | 0.10 (–0.17 to 0.37) | 3.13 (2.88 to 3.40) | 2.47 (2.32 to 2.63) | −0.75 (–1.01 to −0.49) | 178.74 (176.83 to 180.67) | 141.95 (140.78 to 143.12) | −0.73 (–0.99 to −0.47) |
| Japan | 11.45 (11.14 to 11.76) | 7.09 (6.83 to 7.37) | −1.58 (–1.71 to −1.45) | 4.56 (4.37 to 4.76) | 1.96 (1.82 to 2.10) | −2.98 (–3.10 to −2.87) | 256.56 (255.11 to 258.03) | 112.41 (111.33 to 113.49) | −2.90 (–3.02 to −2.79) |
| Kiribati | 10.98 (2.25 to 33.27) | 11.17 (3.73 to 25.93) | −0.07 (–0.20 to 0.06) | 8.77 (1.35 to 30.04) | 9.07 (2.57 to 23.00) | 0.03 (–0.11 to 0.16) | 498.85 (418.42 to 590.82) | 514.81 (451.65 to 584.48) | 0.02 (–0.12 to 0.15) |
| Lao People’s Democratic Republic | 5.96 (4.72 to 7.44) | 4.51 (3.78 to 5.34) | −1.12 (–1.21 to −1.04) | 4.78 (3.67 to 6.13) | 3.31 (2.69 to 4.04) | −1.41 (–1.49 to −1.34) | 270.30 (261.52 to 279.31) | 188.71 (183.82 to 193.70) | −1.38 (–1.46 to −1.31) |
| Malaysia | 3.47 (3.05 to 3.94) | 4.40 (4.06 to 4.77) | 0.38 (0.14 to 0.63) | 2.49 (2.13 to 2.90) | 2.39 (2.14 to 2.66) | −0.58 (–0.81 to −0.35) | 140.83 (138.04 to 143.66) | 135.24 (133.31 to 137.19) | −0.58 (–0.81 to −0.35) |
| Maldives | 3.06 (0.31 to 12.61) | 2.16 (0.82 to 5.47) | −1.24 (–1.66 to −0.81) | 2.37 (0.14 to 11.56) | 1.18 (0.29 to 4.20) | −2.51 (–2.89 to −2.13) | 132.63 (104.90 to 165.88) | 66.53 (57.56 to 76.99) | −2.48 (–2.85 to −2.09) |
| Marshall Islands | 7.29 (0.25 to 40.24) | 8.50 (1.04 to 30.95) | 0.40 (0.25 to 0.55) | 5.76 (0.09 to 37.73) | 6.60 (0.52 to 27.91) | 0.34 (0.16 to 0.52) | 331.11 (245.70 to 437.62) | 374.15 (300.33 to 460.81) | 0.31 (0.15 to 0.48) |
| Micronesia (Federated States of) | 8.58 (1.76 to 25.72) | 8.65 (1.95 to 24.78) | −0.10 (–0.17 to −0.02) | 6.88 (1.07 to 23.21) | 6.45 (1.02 to 21.51) | −0.35 (–0.44 to −0.26) | 388.66 (325.95 to 460.23) | 368.06 (309.41 to 434.87) | −0.31 (–0.39 to −0.23) |
| Mongolia | 9.54 (7.35 to 12.20) | 10.02 (8.48 to 11.79) | −0.43 (–0.70 to −0.17) | 8.00 (6.00 to 10.49) | 8.07 (6.70 to 9.68) | −0.60 (–0.89 to −0.31) | 442.41 (426.69 to 458.59) | 446.37 (435.75 to 457.21) | −0.61 (–0.90 to −0.32) |
| Myanmar | 5.03 (4.68 to 5.41) | 4.20 (3.93 to 4.48) | −0.87 (–1.02 to −0.73) | 4.00 (3.69 to 4.34) | 2.91 (2.69 to 3.14) | −1.33 (–1.49 to −1.17) | 227.63 (225.24 to 230.05) | 167.27 (165.56 to 168.99) | −1.30 (–1.47 to −1.14) |
| Nauru | 10.39 (0.00 to 123.58) | 10.74 (0.01 to 113.53) | −0.02 (–0.10 to 0.06) | 7.66 (0.00 to 118.56) | 7.40 (0.00 to 107.44) | −0.17 (–0.32 to −0.03) | 434.36 (250.41 to 703.47) | 421.03 (248.89 to 669.19) | −0.16 (–0.31 to −0.02) |
| Nepal | 2.79 (2.39 to 3.23) | 2.29 (2.02 to 2.58) | −0.63 (–0.90 to −0.36) | 2.27 (1.92 to 2.68) | 1.76 (1.53 to 2.02) | −0.83 (–1.08 to −0.58) | 128.30 (125.53 to 131.10) | 99.62 (97.82 to 101.46) | −0.82 (–1.07 to −0.57) |
| New Zealand | 5.48 (4.32 to 6.86) | 6.21 (4.99 to 7.64) | 0.42 (0.29 to 0.54) | 2.44 (1.69 to 3.42) | 2.05 (1.38 to 2.94) | −0.63 (–0.74 to −0.51) | 139.51 (133.37 to 145.86) | 118.26 (112.72 to 124.00) | −0.60 (–0.71 to −0.49) |
| Niue | 6.81 (0.00 to 531.55) | 6.51 (0.00 to 744.84) | −0.43 (–0.55 to −0.31) | 4.85 (0.00 to 527.64) | 3.83 (0.00 to 739.60) | −1.14 (–1.28 to −1.01) | 275.74 (34.30 to 998.22) | 220.11 (9.56 to 1124.66) | −1.10 (–1.24 to −0.97) |
| Northern Mariana Islands | 8.32 (1.04 to 33.11) | 7.72 (0.09 to 56.86) | −0.59 (–0.72 to −0.46) | 5.22 (0.26 to 28.38) | 4.26 (0.00 to 51.14) | −0.82 (–0.94 to −0.69) | 296.49 (232.28 to 374.66) | 243.70 (157.63 to 362.86) | −0.79 (–0.92 to −0.67) |
| Pakistan | 2.63 (2.45 to 2.81) | 3.68 (3.55 to 3.82) | 1.06 (0.81 to 1.32) | 2.12 (1.97 to 2.29) | 2.84 (2.72 to 2.96) | 0.89 (0.61 to 1.17) | 119.01 (117.84 to 120.19) | 159.69 (158.81 to 160.58) | 0.90 (0.62 to 1.17) |
| Palau | 7.38 (0.01 to 72.91) | 8.66 (0.02 to 83.80) | 0.69 (0.59 to 0.78) | 5.24 (0.00 to 69.01) | 5.62 (0.00 to 78.59) | 0.43 (0.30 to 0.55) | 297.06 (180.93 to 461.21) | 317.84 (197.20 to 490.53) | 0.41 (0.29 to 0.52) |
| Papua New Guinea | 3.96 (2.99 to 5.14) | 4.09 (3.48 to 4.78) | 0.16 (0.07 to 0.24) | 3.09 (2.24 to 4.16) | 3.13 (2.60 to 3.75) | 0.12 (0.03 to 0.22) | 175.95 (169.14 to 182.96) | 179.20 (174.99 to 183.49) | 0.13 (0.04 to 0.23) |
| Philippines | 6.75 (6.42 to 7.10) | 5.86 (5.63 to 6.09) | −0.64 (–0.88 to −0.39) | 5.08 (4.79 to 5.38) | 3.96 (3.78 to 4.15) | −1.10 (–1.34 to −0.85) | 287.31 (285.09 to 289.54) | 225.25 (223.84 to 226.66) | −1.06 (–1.30 to −0.82) |
| Republic of Korea | 13.83 (13.32 to 14.35) | 9.29 (8.87 to 9.73) | −1.76 (–1.99 to −1.53) | 9.07 (8.66 to 9.50) | 3.02 (2.78 to 3.27) | −4.25 (–4.44 to −4.05) | 512.44 (509.33 to 515.57) | 171.14 (169.32 to 172.97) | −4.23 (–4.42 to −4.04) |
| Samoa | 3.69 (0.39 to 14.71) | 3.86 (0.71 to 12.12) | 0.02 (–0.08 to 0.12) | 2.83 (0.17 to 13.39) | 2.76 (0.31 to 10.44) | −0.20 (–0.28 to −0.12) | 158.18 (125.16 to 197.58) | 154.19 (126.54 to 186.23) | −0.19 (–0.27 to −0.10) |
| Singapore | 6.10 (4.93 to 7.49) | 3.68 (2.96 to 4.58) | −2.10 (–2.26 to −1.94) | 3.11 (2.29 to 4.15) | 1.12 (0.75 to 1.69) | −3.99 (–4.18 to −3.80) | 174.79 (168.25 to 181.54) | 65.12 (61.96 to 68.44) | −3.85 (–4.05 to −3.66) |
| Solomon Islands | 10.81 (5.37 to 19.68) | 11.66 (7.74 to 16.88) | 0.37 (0.30 to 0.44) | 8.64 (3.86 to 16.93) | 8.89 (5.52 to 13.60) | 0.24 (0.15 to 0.33) | 490.70 (448.38 to 536.11) | 507.12 (479.03 to 536.46) | 0.25 (0.17 to 0.34) |
| Sri Lanka | 2.54 (2.18 to 2.94) | 2.45 (2.13 to 2.82) | −0.64 (–1.03 to −0.26) | 1.85 (1.54 to 2.20) | 1.35 (1.11 to 1.62) | −1.58 (–1.92 to −1.24) | 105.16 (102.79 to 107.58) | 76.73 (74.86 to 78.64) | −1.59 (–1.94 to −1.24) |
| Taiwan (Province of China) | 10.10 (9.47 to 10.77) | 12.76 (12.04 to 13.52) | 0.75 (0.51 to 0.98) | 6.03 (5.54 to 6.54) | 4.52 (4.10 to 4.98) | −1.21 (–1.39 to −1.03) | 340.88 (337.17 to 344.62) | 255.61 (252.36 to 258.90) | −1.22 (–1.40 to −1.04) |
| Thailand | 7.12 (6.78 to 7.46) | 8.42 (8.07 to 8.77) | −0.70 (–1.28 to −0.11) | 5.51 (5.22 to 5.82) | 5.24 (4.97 to 5.52) | −1.37 (–1.95 to −0.79) | 308.54 (306.32 to 310.78) | 293.03 (290.99 to 295.09) | −1.40 (–2.00 to −0.81) |
| Timor-Leste | 3.62 (1.76 to 6.69) | 3.38 (1.85 to 5.75) | −0.25 (–0.74 to 0.25) | 2.94 (1.29 to 5.81) | 2.43 (1.16 to 4.55) | −0.70 (–1.17 to −0.21) | 165.96 (151.31 to 181.70) | 138.82 (127.74 to 150.65) | −0.66 (–1.15 to −0.17) |
| Tokelau | 5.62 (0.00 to 831.31) | 5.87 (0.00 to 898.39) | 0.17 (0.14 to 0.21) | 4.38 (0.00 to 829.03) | 4.02 (0.00 to 894.79) | −0.28 (–0.32 to −0.24) | 248.22 (13.07 to 1246.97) | 229.17 (6.44 to 1300.59) | −0.26 (–0.30 to −0.22) |
| Tonga | 6.22 (0.58 to 26.07) | 6.91 (1.07 to 23.13) | 0.29 (0.12 to 0.47) | 5.02 (0.29 to 24.24) | 5.34 (0.55 to 20.70) | 0.14 (–0.04 to 0.33) | 281.84 (222.64 to 352.67) | 301.77 (246.48 to 365.96) | 0.17 (–0.01 to 0.36) |
| Tuvalu | 7.21 (0.00 to 122.81) | 7.32 (0.00 to 103.64) | 0.18 (0.12 to 0.23) | 5.69 (0.00 to 119.90) | 5.41 (0.00 to 100.12) | −0.01 (–0.07 to 0.04) | 322.73 (163.09 to 574.14) | 307.00 (166.18 to 521.58) | −0.01 (–0.07 to 0.05) |
| Vanuatu | 5.70 (1.15 to 17.26) | 6.88 (2.86 to 14.08) | 0.31 (0.16 to 0.47) | 4.60 (0.70 to 15.64) | 5.44 (1.95 to 12.15) | 0.25 (0.10 to 0.40) | 260.28 (218.09 to 308.49) | 308.33 (276.05 to 343.45) | 0.26 (0.10 to 0.41) |
| Viet Nam | 3.17 (2.95 to 3.41) | 3.87 (3.69 to 4.06) | 1.00 (0.74 to 1.26) | 2.44 (2.25 to 2.65) | 2.18 (2.04 to 2.32) | −0.12 (–0.33 to 0.09) | 136.40 (134.94 to 137.88) | 122.85 (121.81 to 123.91) | −0.09 (–0.30 to 0.13) |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; DALY, disability-adjusted life-year; EAPC, estimated annual percentage change; GI cancers, gastrointestinal cancers; SDI, sociodemographic index.