Table 1.

Functions of different SPMs.

SPM type	Subtype	Function	References
LX	LXA4 and LXB4	Limit neutrophil recruitment and neutrophil-mediated tissue injury (Increased production and accumulation of prostaglandin E2)	[95,96]
	LXA4 and LXB4	Enhance macrophage recognition of apoptotic polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) by increasing the activity of the αvβ3-CD36 complex.	[97]
	LXA4 and LXB4	Promote the polarization of macrophages from the M1 phenotype to the M2 phenotype.	[97]
	LXA4	Promote the phagocytosis of apoptotic PMN in macrophages	[98,99]
	LXA4	The LXA4-ALX/FPR2 pathway controls the regeneration ability of hPDLSCs	[100,101]
	LXA4	Enhance macrophage phagocytic capacity, and reduced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-8) during phagocytosis, while increasing anti-inflammatory factors.	[102]
Rv	RvE1	Effects on bone: Prevents bone loss and can even reverse bone loss in already diagnosed periodontitis cases.	[103]
	RvE1	Effects on inflammatory cells: Reduces infiltration of inflammatory cells and lowers the expression of inflammation-associated genes.
	RvE1	Effects on microbial composition: Regulates local inflammation to shape the subgingival microbiota in patients with periodontitis.
	RvE1	Reduce the expression of L-selectin and integrin CD18, thus inhibiting binding to peripheral blood PMNs and monocytes	[104]
	RvE1	Restore the regenerative property of human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs)	[100]
	RvE1	Boost cell viability, speed up wound healing, and accelerate cell migration.	[100]
RvD	RvD1	Overcame IL-1β’s negative effects on PDLF proliferation and wound healing	[105]
	RvD1	Promote the production of anti-inflammatory proteins in Mφs; block the secretion of Th1 cytokines	[106]
	RvD2	Reduce the RANKL/OPG ratio to decrease alveolar bone resorption.	[107,108]
MaR	MaR1	Induce the regeneration of Mφ PPAR-γ(Reduce inflammation to encourage tissue repair and regeneration. Regulate lipid synthesis and degradation to maintain cellular metabolic balance. Promote the polarization of macrophages toward the M2 phenotype.)	[109]
	MaR1	Limit PMN migration and decrease ROS generation.	[102]
	MaR1	Enhance the phagocytic capacity of macrophages for both pathogens and apoptotic cells.	[109]
	MaR1	Promote the formation of cementum and bone.	[100,102]
	MaR1	Boost cell viability, speed up wound healing, and accelerate cell migration.	[100]
	MaR1	Restore the regenerative property of human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs).	[100]
	MaR1 and MaR2	Promote the formation of cementum and bone. Encourages macrophage polarization toward the M2 phenotype.	[102]