Table 1.
Characteristics of study population
| Characteristic | Any high-intensity end-of-life care (n = 2,728) | No high-intensity end-of-life care (n = 3,338) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||
| Age (%) | <0.001 | ||
| 66–69 | 301 (11.0) | 283 (8.5) | |
| 70–74 | 484 (17.7) | 488 (14.6) | |
| 75–79 | 580 (21.3) | 622 (18.6) | |
| 80 and older | 1,363 (50.0) | 1,945 (58.3) | |
| Sex (%) | 0.004 | ||
| Male | 1,917 (70.3) | 2,230 (66.8) | |
| Female | 811 (29.7) | 1,108 (33.2) | |
| Race/Ethnicity (%) | <0.001 | ||
| White | 2,275 (83.4) | 2,942 (88.1) | |
| Black | 210 (7.7) | 165 (4.9) | |
| Hispanic | 131 (4.8) | 121 (3.6) | |
| Asian | 90 (3.3) | 88 (2.6) | |
| Other | 22 (0.8) | 22 (0.7) | |
| Marital status (%) | 0.2 | ||
| Married | 1,354 (49.6) | 1,606 (48.1) | |
| Not married/Unknown | 1,235 (45.3) | 1,582 (47.4) | |
| Comorbidity (%) | <0.001 | ||
| 0 | 907 (33.2) | 1,248 (37.4) | |
| 1 | 656 (24.0) | 794 (23.8) | |
| 2 | 387 (14.2) | 503 (15.1) | |
| 3 or more | 703 (25.8) | 636 (19.1) | |
| Education in ZIP code of residence (%) | <0.001 | ||
| Low: 75% or fewer with high school education | 404 (14.8) | 387 (11.6) | |
| High: >75% with high school education | 2258 (82.8) | 2890 (86.6) | |
| Missing/Unknown | 66 (2.4) | 61 (1.8) | |
| Population of county of residence (%) | 0.02 | ||
| 249,999 or less | 720 (26.4) | 976 (29.2) | |
| 250,000–999,999 | 477 (17.5) | 612 (18.3) | |
| 1,000,000 or more | 1,531 (56.1) | 1,750 (52.4) | |
| Median income in ZIP code of residence, $ (%) | 0.2 | ||
| 40,000 or less | 523 (19.2) | 585 (17.5) | |
| 40,0001–60,000 | 991 (36.3) | 1,269 (38.0) | |
| 60,001 or more | 1,147 (42.0) | 1,419 (42.5) | |
| Missing/Unknown | 67 (2.5) | 65 (1.9) | |
| Geographic region (%) | 0.001 | ||
| Northeast | 704 (25.8) | 728 (21.8) | |
| South | 643 (23.6) | 784 (23.5) | |
| Central | 347 (12.7) | 489 (14.6) | |
| West | 1,034 (37.9) | 1,337 (40.1) | |
| T stage (%) | |||
| T1 or lower | 85 (3.1) | 90 (2.7) | <0.001 |
| T2 | 1,450 (53.2) | 1,912 (57.3) | <0.001 |
| T3 | 865 (31.7) | 881 (26.4) | |
| T4 | 328 (12.0) | 455 (13.6) | |
| N stage (%) | 0.1 | ||
| N0/NX | 2,311 (74.7) | 2,877 (86.2) | |
| N+ | 417 (15.3) | 461 (13.8) | |
| M stage (%) | 0.1 | ||
| M0/MX | 2,239 (82.2) | 2,792 (83.6) | |
| M+ | 489 (17.9) | 546 (16.4) | |
| Extent of disease ‡ | <0.001 | ||
| Advanced (T4, or N+, or M+) | 1,960 (71.8) | 2,456 (73.6) | |
| Localized (all except T4/N+/M+) | 440 (16.1) | 427 (12.8) | |
| Receipt of palliative care (%) | 139 (5.1) | 125 (3.7%) | <0.001 |
| Diagnosis to palliative care in months, median (IQR) | 8.2 (3.2—16.5) | 6.4 (2.2—14.7) | 0.1 |
| Palliative care to death in months, median (IQR) | 0.9 (0.2—3.3) | 2.3 (1.0—6.3) | <0.001 |
| Cause of death (%) | <0.001 | ||
| Bladder cancer | 1,378 (50.5) | 1,857 (55.6) | |
| Other | 1,350 (49.5) | 1,481 (44.4) | |
| Year of diagnosis (%) | 0.1 | ||
| 2008 | 537 (19.7) | 609 (18.2) | |
| 2009 | 510 (18.7) | 579 (17.3) | |
| 2010 | 498 (18.3) | 589 (17.6) | |
| 2011 | 452 (16.6) | 579 (17.3) | |
| 2012 | 411 (15.1) | 528 (15.8) | |
| 2013 | 320 (11.7) | 454 (13.6) | |
Percentages may not sum to 100 due to rounding.
‡
Advanced stage defined as stage T4 and/or N1 and/or M1.