Table 1.
Review of published cases of clinical and pathological characteristics of esophageal melanosis
|
Ref.
|
Age
|
Sex
|
Esophagus location
|
Exact location of the lesion
|
Country
|
Associated clinical diagnosis
|
Clinical symptoms
|
Medication
|
Smoking
|
Alcohol drinking
|
| Kuo et al[9], 2011 | 76 | F | NA | Not specified | Australia | Celiac disease | NA | Azathioprine | NA | NA |
| Dubail et al[7], 2022 | 57 | F | Middle/lower esophagus | Middle and lower esophagus | Beljium | Peptic ulcer disease | NA | PPI | Yes | No |
| Dubail et al[7], 2022 | 66 | M | Upper esophagus | Upper esophagus | Beljium | Gastritis | NA | NA | No | Yes |
| Horowitz et al[10], 1998 | 49 | M | NA | Not specified | Brazil | Anal melanoma | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Dumas et al[11], 1990 | 66 | F | Lower esophagus | 32-35 cm from incisor | Cedax | Mental anorexia | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Bogomoletz et al[12], 1997 | 75 | M | Middle esophagus | 20 cm below Killian’s line | France | NA | Epigastric pain, dysphagia | NA | NA | NA |
| Maroy et al[13], 2013 | 65 | M | Middle/lower esophagus | Mid esophagus 19 cm (1st lesion) and distal esophagus 38 cm (2nd lesion) | France | Tonsil squamous cell carcinoma | NA | NA | Yes | Yes |
| Sarbia et al[14], 2012 | 69 | M | Middle/lower esophagus | Middle and the lower thirds of the esophagus | Germany | Adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction, acanthosis nigricans of the esophagus | Pain | NA | NA | NA |
| Kleikamp et al[15], 2006 | 48 | M | NA | No data | Germany | Adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction, acanthosis nigricans of the esophagus | Pain | NA | NA | NA |
| Agarwal et al[6], 2022 | 53 | F | Middle/lower esophagus | Mid and lower esophagus | India | Iron deficiency anemia | NA | Iron | NA | NA |
| Sharma et al[5], 1991 | 50 | M | Lower esophagus | Lower third of esophagus | India | Peptic ulcer disease | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Sharma et al[5], 1991 | 60 | M | Lower esophagus | Lower third of esophagus | India | Peptic ulcer disease | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Sharma et al[5], 1991 | 68 | M | Middle esophagus | Middle third of esophagus | India | Peptic ulcer disease | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Sharma et al[5], 1991 | 51 | F | Middle esophagus | Middle third of esophagus | India | Peptic ulcer disease | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Sharma et al[5], 1991 | 57 | F | Middle esophagus | Middle third of esophagus | India | Peptic ulcer disease | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Sharma et al[5], 1991 | 70 | M | Middle esophagus | Middle third of esophagus | India | Peptic ulcer disease | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Sharma et al[5], 1991 | 45 | M | Upper esophagus | Upper third of esophagus | India | Peptic ulcer disease | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Sharma et al[5], 1991 | 55 | M | Upper esophagus | Upper third of the esophagus | India | Peptic ulcer disease | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Sharma et al[5], 1991 | 60 | M | Middle esophagus | Middle third of esophagus | India | Peptic ulcer disease | Non-ulcer dyspepsia | NA | NA | NA |
| Sharma et al[5], 1991 | 50 | F | Middle esophagus | Middle third of esophagus | India | NA | Non-ulcer dyspepsia | NA | NA | NA |
| Sharma et al[5], 1991 | 49 | M | Lower esophagus | Lower third of esophagus | India | NA | Non-ulcer dyspepsia | NA | NA | NA |
| Sharma et al[5], 1991 | 40 | F | Middle esophagus | Middle third of esophagus | India | NA | Non-ulcer dyspepsia | NA | NA | NA |
| Sharma et al[5], 1991 | 43 | F | Middle esophagus | Middle third of esophagus | India | NA | Non-ulcer dyspepsia | NA | NA | NA |
| Sharma et al[5], 1991 | 48 | M | Middle esophagus | Middle third of esophagus | India | NA | Non-ulcer dyspepsia | NA | NA | NA |
| Sharma et al[5], 1991 | 50 | M | Middle esophagus | Middle third of esophagus | India | NA | Non-ulcer dyspepsia | NA | NA | NA |
| Sharma et al[5], 1991 | 58 | M | Middle esophagus | Middle third of esophagus | India | NA | Non-ulcer dyspepsia | NA | NA | NA |
| Sharma et al[5], 1991 | 59 | M | Middle esophagus | Middle third of esophagus | India | NA | Non-ulcer dyspepsia | NA | NA | NA |
| Kumari et al[16], 2016 | 66 | M | NA | No data | India | NA | Chest pain and dysphagia | NA | NA | NA |
| Sharma et al[5], 1991 | 50 | M | Upper esophagus | Upper third of esophagus | India | NA | Non-ulcer dyspepsia | NA | NA | NA |
| Sharma et al[5], 1991 | 56 | M | Middle esophagus | Middle third of esophagus | India | Gastritis | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Sharma et al[5], 1991 | 59 | M | Middle esophagus | Middle third of esophagus | India | Gastritis | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Sharma et al[5], 1991 | 48 | M | Middle esophagus | Middle third of esophagus | India | Gastritis | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Vincent Comraj et al[17], 2023 | 70 | M | NA | No data | India | Gastritis | NA | NA | No | No |
| Geramizadeh et al[18], 2014 | 75 | M | Middle esophagus | Middle part of the esophagus | Iran | NA | Epigastric pain and dysphagia | NA | Yes | No |
| Kinugasa et al[19], 2020 | 77 | M | Lower esophagus | Lower part of the esophagus | Japan | Eosinophilic esophagitis | NA | Antihypertensive medications | NA | NA |
| Mori et al[20], 2005 | 70 | M | Lower esophagus | 35 cm from the incisor teeth | Japan | None | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Mori et al[20], 2005 | 60 | F | Lower esophagus | 30 cm from the incisor | Japan | NA | Dysphagia | NA | NA | NA |
| Yamazaki et al[21], 1991 | 56 | M | Lower esophagus | 30-33 cm from incisor | Japan | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Yamazaki et al[21], 1991 | 62 | M | Lower esophagus | 35 cm from incisor | Japan | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Yamazaki et al[21], 1991 | 70 | F | Lower esophagus | Lower third of esophagus | Japan | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Yamazaki et al[21], 1991 | 66 | M | Lower esophagus | Lower third of esophagus | Japan | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Yamamoto et al[22], 1999 | 62 | F | Lower esophagus | Middle esophagus 30 cm from the incisor | Japan | Laugier-Hunziker syndrome | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Kaneko et al[23], 2022 | 62 | M | Middle esophagus | Middle thoracic esophagus | Japan | Hypopharyngeal cancer, | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Kato et al[24], 2013 | 71 | M | Middle esophagus | Middle thoracic esophagus | Japan | Esophageal melanoma | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Oshiro et al[25], 2007 | 71 | M | Lower esophagus | 35 cm away from the incisor | Japan | Esophageal melanoma | NA | PPI | NA | NA |
| Suzuki et al[26], 2008 | 67 | M | Lower esophagus | Lower thoracic esophagus | Japan | Esophageal melanoma | NA | NA | Yes | No |
| Suzuki et al[26], 2008 | 62 | M | Upper/middle esophagus | Upper to middle thoracic esophagus | Japan | Esophageal melanoma | NA | NA | Yes | Yes |
| Walter et al[27], 2000 | 64 | F | Middle/lower esophagus | Lower half of the esophagectomy specimen | Netherlands | Esophageal SCC | NA | PPI | Yes | Yes |
| Destek et al[28], 2016 | 55 | F | Middle/lower esophagus | Middle, the front incisor teeth from 20 cm to the starting 30 cm | Turkey | Gastritis | NA | NA | No | No |
| Chang et al[3], 2006 (unpublished data) | 80 | F | Lower esophagus | Distal esophagus 30-34 cm from the incisor teeth | United Kingdom | Gastritis | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Berry et al[29], 1995 | 51 | F | NA | NA | United States | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Nagra et al[30], 2020 | 57 | F | Middle esophagus | Middle esophagus | United States | Iron deficiency anemia | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Jones et al[31], 2005 | 22 | M | Lower esophagus | 38 cm from the incisor | United States | Addison’s disease | Dysphagia | NA | NA | NA |
| Dinneen et al[32], 2014 | 65 | F | Upper/middle esophagus | Upper and middle esophagus | United States | Esophageal wall thickening on CT | Abdominal pain | NA | NA | NA |
| Changela et al[33], 2017 | 48 | F | Upper esophagus | Upper third of the esophagus | United States | NA | Weight loss and dyspepsia | NA | Yes | NA |
| Current study, 2024 | 59 | M | Upper and lower esophagus | Upper esophagus and lower esophagus | United States | Esophageal SCC | NA | PPI | No | No |
| Current study, 2024 | 54 | F | Middle esophagus | Middle esophagus | United States | None | Weight loss | Losartan | Yes | Yes |
NA: Not available; PPI: Proton pump inhibitor; SCC: Squamous cell carcinoma.