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. 2024 Nov 19;14(11):1641–1651. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v14.i11.1641

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©The Author(s) 2024. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.

This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial.

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The mediating effect of family functioning on the relationship between tic severity and quality of life. A: Mediating effect of family functioning on the relationship between total tic severity and psychological symptoms; B: Mediating effect of family functioning on the relationship between total tic severity and physical and activities of daily living impairments; C: Mediating effect of family functioning on the relationship between vocal tic severity and psychological symptoms; D: Mediating effect of family functioning on the relationship between vocal tic severity and physical and activities of daily living impairment. CI: Confidence interval; GTS-QoL: Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome-Quality of Life Scale; YGTSS: Yale Global Tic Severity Scale; FAD: Family Assessment Device; C: Communication; ADL: Activities of daily living. ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01.