Table 2.

Dietary phytochemicals with activity for colorectal cancer prevention via epigenetic mechanisms.

Phytochemicals	Cellular/ Animal Model	Epigenetic Mechanism	Reference
Curcumin	HT-29 cells	Demethylate the promoter region of DLEC1. CUR treatment lowers protein level of DNMTs and some HDACs.	80
Curcumin	Male C57BL/6 mice challenged by AOM/DSS	Restore AOM-DSS-induced hypomethylation of Tnf and reverse hypomethylation of several inflammation relevant genes.	81
Luteolin	HCT116 cells	Reduce methylation of Nrf2 promoter region and activate the Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway. LUT treatment declined DNMTs and HDACs.	82
Resveratrol	DSS-induced colitis in Male ApcMin/+ C57BL/6 mice	Increase the level of two anti-inflmmatory miRNAs: miRNA-101b and miRNA- 455.	84
Sulforaphane or its analogs	HCT116 cells and SW8409 cell	Regulate HAT/ HDAC activities and the relevant DNA repair/ damage singaling pathways.	85
Sulforaphane	Caco-2 cells	Demethylate the Nrf2 promoter region and activate the Nrf2 signaling pathway. Reduce expression of DNMT.	86
Phenethyl Isothiocyanate	Male C57BL/6 mice challenged by AOM/DSS; SW480 cells	Increase the methylation near the NF𝜅B1 promoter region and thus decrese the mRNA expression of NF𝜅B1.	87
Indicaxanthin	Caco-2 cells	Hypomethylate the promoter regions of ATG7 and ATG3 and further promote autophagic activity.	88
Water extract of Ilex rotunda	C57BL/6 mice challenged by AOM/DSS	Restore the level of miR-31–5p raised by AOM and DSS to further inhibit YAP accumulation in the nuclesu.	89