Table 1.

Average temperature observed with various combinations of advancement speed, retraction speed and working cycle of piezoelectric osteotome

Advancement speed, mm/s	Retraction speed, mm/s	Working cycle	Spine 1 temperature, °C	Spine 2 temperature, °C	Spine 3 temperature, °C	Average temperature, °C
1	1	Intermittent	63.0	53.4	52.7	56.4 (σ = 4.70)
2	1	Intermittent	47.8	52.6	48.3	49.6 (σ =2.15)
1	2	Intermittent	48.3	46.5	51.3	48.7 (σ = 1.98)
2	2	Intermittent	45.3	44.8	50.1	46.7 (σ = 2.39)
1	1	Multipass	47.8	41.8	48.1	45.9 (σ = 2.90)
2	1	Multipass	48.6	47.6	48.3	48.2 (σ = 0.42)
1	2	Multipass	42.6	46.6	40.6	43.3 (σ = 2.49)
2	2	Multipass	44.2	40.1	40.2	41.5 (σ = 1.91)