FIGURE 4.

Cytokine secretion of THP-1 differentiated functional macrophages (M0), exogenously treated with pro-inflammatory cytokines, LPS and IFN-γ (M(LPS/IFN-γ)), or pro-immunoregulatory cytokines, IL-4 (M(IL-4)) in comparison to IL-4/HSA encapsulated microparticles (IL-4_MP), blank particles and HSA encapsulated microparticles (HSA) co-cultured directly (d) or indirectly (id) with cells. Quantitative expression of (A) TNF-α, (B) CCL18 and (C) TGF-β1 using ELISA for 24 h and 72 h post-exogenous cytokine treatments. N = 2, n = 2. Error bars represent ±standard error; significance determined using one-way ANOVA with tukey post hoc test, *: p < 0.05, significant; ns: not significant.