FIGURE 5.

Quantitative PCR assay of (A) IL-1β, (B) CXCL2, (C) MRC1 and (D) CCL22 expression after 24 and 72 h exogenous treatments with pro-inflammatory cytokines, pro-immunoregulatory cytokines; blank MPs, HSA-alone MPs, IL-4 encapsulated MPs indirectly through well plate inserts (id), and MPs directly co-cultured with functional macrophages (D). All results were normalised to appropriate GAPDH value, ΔCt, and further normalised to the ΔCt value of the gene of interest of functional macrophages as control, ΔΔCt, using equation 2^−ΔΔCt. Error bars represent ±standard error; significance determined using one-way ANOVA tests, *: p < 0.05, significant; ns: not significant.