Table 1.

PICOS for this systematic review.

Elements	Contents
P (Population)	Adults diagnosed with COPD
I (Intervention)	Interventions based on the theory of behavioral nudges
C (Comparison)	Non-nudged interventions, like usual care
O (Outcome)	Health behaviors and outcomes such as medication adherence, inhalation technique, physical activity, smoking cessation, vaccine behavior, self-efficacy, pulmonary function, clinical symptoms, and quality of life
S (Study design)	An appropriate control, such as randomized control or pre-post control