Table 4.
Results of outcome measures of interest in the included studies.
| First author (year) | Group (intervention/control) | n | Baseline measurement | Follow-up measurement | Within group significant result | Between groups significant result |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Medication adherence | ||||||
| Tashkin (1991) (24) | I | 112 | NA | The percent of patients actually used the inhaler two or more times daily according to the chronolog record: 78% | NA | p < 0.001 |
| C | 85 | NA | The percent of patients actually used the inhaler two or more times daily according to the chronolog record:52% | NA | ||
| Simmons (1996) (43) | I | 129 | Not reported | Mean sets per day: Month 4: 1.93 ± 0.69 Month 8: 1.76 ± 0.83 Month 12: 1.74 ± 0.89 Month 16: 1.70 ± 0.89 Month 20: 1.56 ± 0.87 Month 24: 1.65 ± 0.89 |
Not reported | Month 4: p = 0.0035 Month 8: p = 0.0003 Month 12: p = 0.0007 Month 16: p = 0.0018 Month 20: p = 0.0190 Month 24: p = 0.0006 |
| C | 102 | Not reported | Mean sets per day: Month 4: 1.60 ± 0.83 Month 8: 1.31 ± 0.89 Month 12: 1.29 ± 0.91 Month 16: 1.27 ± 0.92 Month 20: 1.22 ± 0.97 Month 24: 1.16 ± 0.95 |
Not reported | ||
| Song (2014) (64) | I | 20 | Medication adherence: 30.4 ± 4.8 | Medication adherence: 33.0 ± 3.2 | Not reported | p = 0.047 |
| C | 20 | Medication adherence: 31.6 ± 3.4 | Medication adherence: 31.9 ± 4.8 | Not reported | ||
| Jolly (2018) (38) | I | Baseline: 273 Month 6: 219 Month12: 218 |
Medication adherence score: 1[0–2]* | Medication adherence score: Month 6: 1[0–2]* Month 12: 1[0–1]* |
Not reported | Month 6: p = 0.008 |
| C | Baseline: 265 Month 6: 255 Month12: 255 |
Medication adherence score: 1[0–2]* | Medication adherence score: Month 6: 1[0–2]* Month 12: 1[0–2]* |
Not reported | ||
| Criner (2021) (61) | I | 67 | NA | The mean number of adherent sets of puffs/day: 1.61 ± 0.389 | NA | p < 0.001 |
| C | 70 | NA | The mean number of adherent sets of puffs/day: 1.33 ± 0.509 | NA | ||
| Morfaw (2023) (60) | I | 30 | MMAS-8: 4.4 ± 1.591 | MMAS-8: 6.4 ± 1.453 | p < 0.05 | NA |
| Inhalation technique | ||||||
| Nguyen (2018) (62) | I | Baseline: 211 Month 1:163 Month 3:163 Month 6:139 Month12:102 |
Inhaler technique score: MDI:6.09 Turbuhaler®: 6.68 |
Inhaler technique score: MDI: Month 1 = 6.97; Month 3 = 7.49; Month 6 = 7.49; Month 12 = 6.93 Turbuhaler®: Month 1 = 7.24; Month 3 = 7.56; Month 6 = 7.56; Month 12 = 7.24 |
MDI: all points: p < 0.001 Turbuhaler®: Month 3: p = 0.001 Month 6: p < 0.001 |
NA |
| Smoking cessation | ||||||
| Jolly (2018) (38) | I | Baseline: 289 Month 6: 267 Month12: 247 |
Smoking cessation rate: 26% | Smoking cessation rate: Month 6: 22% Month 12: 13% |
Not reported | NS |
| C | Baseline: 288 Month 6: 287 Month12: 226 |
Smoking cessation rate: 19% | Smoking cessation rate: Month 6: 18% Month 12: 25% |
Not reported | ||
| Influenza vaccination | ||||||
| Vayisoglu (2019) (63) | I | 44 | NA | Influenza vaccination rate: 63.6% | NA | p = 0.001 |
| C | 44 | NA | Influenza vaccination rate: 29.5% | NA | ||
| Physical activity | ||||||
| de Blok (2006) (41) | I | 8 | Daily steps: 2082 | Daily steps: 3512 | Not reported | NS |
| C | 8 | Daily steps: 2377 | Daily steps: 2832 | Not reported | ||
| Wewel (2008) (23) | I | 21 | Activity per hour of monitoring (counts/h): 1061 ± 636 | Activity per hour of monitoring (counts/h): 1330 ± 726 | p = 0.007 | NA |
| Hospes (2009) (32) | I | 18 | Daily steps: 7087 ± 4,058 | Daily steps: 7872 ± 3,962 | Not reported | p = 0.01 |
| C | 17 | Daily steps: 7539 ± 3,945 | Daily steps: 6172 ± 3,194 | Not reported | ||
| Berry (2010) (14) | I | Baseline: 87 End: 61 |
Physical activity levels (kcals/week): Reported in diagram format | Physical activity levels (kcals/week): Reported in diagram format | Month 3: p = 0.004 Month 6: p = 0.005 Month12: p = 0.048 |
NS |
| C | Baseline: 89 End: 69 |
Physical activity levels (kcals/week): Reported in diagram format | Physical activity levels (kcals/week): Reported in diagram format | Month 3: p = 0.002 Month 6: p = 0.039 |
||
| Moy (2012) (25) | I | 24 | Daily steps: 2908 ± 2,416 | Daily steps: 4171 ± 2,970 | p = 0.0054 | NA |
| Cruz (2014) (34) | I | 16 | Daily steps (W1): 8638.23 ± 2408.14 | Daily steps: W7: 10002.27 ± 2798.13 W12: 8858.43 ± 1641.80 |
W1 to W12: p = 0.026 W1 to W7: p = 0.050; W7 to W12: p = 0.048 |
NA |
| Tabak (2014) (47) | I | 13 | Daily steps: 5766 ± 965 | Daily steps: 5603 ± 964 | NS | Not reported |
| C | 16 | Daily steps: 5256 ± 865 | Daily steps: 4617 ± 865 | NS | ||
| Altenburg (2015) (39) | I | Baseline: 78 Month 3: 65 Month15: 50 |
Daily steps: 4292[2182–6,596]* | Daily steps: Changes after 3 months: 618[−137–1771]* Changes after 15 months: 218[−1,423–1863]* |
Not reported | Changes after 3 months: p = 0.001 |
| C | Baseline: 77 Month 3: 55 Month15: 51 |
Daily steps: 4132[2979–6,030]* | Daily steps: Changes after 3 months: −185[−1,425–969]* Changes after 15 months: −201[1809–1,006]* |
Not reported | ||
| Kawagoshi (2015) (31) | I | 12 | The time spent walking (mins/day): Reported in diagram format | Changes after 12 months: 51.3 ± 63.7 | p < 0.05 | p = 0.036 |
| C | 15 | The time spent walking (mins/day): Reported in diagram format | Changes after 12 months: 12.3 ± 25.5 | p < 0.05 | ||
| Mendoza (2015) (37) | I | Baseline: 52 End: 50 |
Daily steps: 4008 ± 2,253 | Daily steps: Changes after 3 months: 3080 ± 3254.8 |
Not reported | p < 0.001 |
| C | Baseline: 50 End: 47 |
Daily steps: 3956 ± 2,723 | Daily steps: Changes after 3 months: 138.3 ± 1950.4 |
Not reported | ||
| Cruz (2016) (44) | I | 13 | Daily steps: 7161.5 ± 1708.1 | Daily steps: Month 3: 10440.0 ± 4012.9 Month 6: 9747.9 ± 3511.8 |
p = 0.001 | Month 3: p = 0.006 Month 6: p = 0.025 |
| C | 13 | Daily steps: 6617.1 ± 2914.2 | Daily steps: Month 3: 6430.0 ± 2613.1 Month 6: 6481.3 ± 3454.4 |
p = 0.001 | ||
| Arbillaga-Etxarri (2018) (46) | I | 132 | Daily steps: 8069 ± 4,554 | Daily steps: 8002 ± 4,635 | NS | NS |
| C | 148 | Daily steps: 7783 ± 3,847 | Daily steps: 7825 ± 3,850 | NS | ||
| Burkow (2018) (51) | I | 10 | The average number of physical activity sessions per week (mean): 2.9 | The average number of physical activity sessions per week (mean): 5.9 | Not reported | Not reported |
| Jolly (2018) (38) | I | Baseline: 230 Month 6: 202 Month12: 191 |
Total MET minutes/week: 3242.2 ± 3284.2 | Total MET minutes/week: Month 6: 3786.0 ± 3685.7 Month 12: 3214.3 ± 3578.4 |
Not reported | Month 6: p = 0.003 |
| C | Baseline: 236 Month 6: 237 Month12: 223 |
Total MET minutes/week: 3265.8 ± 3480.6 | Total MET minutes/week: Month 6: 2920.6 ± 3195.0 Month 12: 2738.1 ± 3249.9 |
Not reported | ||
| O’Neill (2018) (28) | I | Baseline:17 End: 14 |
Daily steps: 3305.6 ± 1960.2 | Daily steps: 5332.0 ± 3070.7 | Not reported | Not reported |
| C | Baseline:23 End: 12 |
Daily steps: 3946.2 ± 2263.1 | Daily steps: 4984.6 ± 3598.0 | Not reported | ||
| Kohlbrenner (2020) (35) | I | Baseline: 37 End: 29 |
Daily steps: 3708 ± 3,601 | Daily steps: Changes after 3 months: 694 ± 1709 Changes after 12 months: −108 ± 1,057 |
Not reported | NS |
| C | Baseline: 37 End: 31 |
Daily steps: 2451 ± 1819 | Daily steps: Changes after 3 months: 423 ± 2,258 Changes after 12 months: −480 ± 1703 |
Not reported | ||
| Park (2020) (33) | I | 22 | Daily steps: 5223.68 ± 2899.61 | Daily steps: 6546.77 ± 2354.43 | p < 0.05 | NS |
| C | 20 | Daily steps: 6756.26 ± 2978.77 | Daily steps: 6890.39 ± 2967.73 | NS | ||
| Armstrong (2021) (27) | I | 24 | Daily steps: 3450 ± 2,168 | Daily steps: 4426 ± 2,577 | p = 0.001 | p = 0.001 |
| C | 24 | Daily steps: 3446 ± 2,342 | Daily steps: 3406 ± 2095 | NS | ||
| Geidl (2021) (45) | I | 167 | Daily steps: 5722.4 ± 2948.6 | Daily steps: Week 6: 6875.0 ± 3229.5 Month 6: 6517.7 ± 3427.8 |
p < 0.05 | NS |
| C | 160 | Daily steps: 5934.5 ± 3101.0 | Daily steps: Week 6: 6679.5 ± 3337.4 Month 6: 6234.0 ± 3357.6 |
p < 0.05 | ||
| Robinson (2021) (26) | I | 75 | Daily steps: 3176.6 ± 2211.6 | Changes after 3 months: 645.95 ± 3394.6 Changes after 6 months: 672.90 ± 3399.0 |
Changes after 3/6 months: Not reported | Month 3: p = 0.005 Month 6: p < 0.001 |
| C | 78 | Daily steps: 3210.2 ± 2247.9 | Changes after 3 months: −385.78 ± 3633.8 Changes after 6 months: −639.38 ± 3667.9 |
Changes after 3/6 months: Not reported | ||
| Simmich (2021) (58) | I | 9 | Daily steps: 4730 ± 1959 | Daily steps: 4649 ± 2,357 | Not reported | Not reported |
| C | 9 | Daily steps: 6394 ± 4,306 | Daily steps: 5593 ± 4,277 | Not reported | ||
| Exercise capacity | ||||||
| Giardino (2004) (29) | I | 20 | 6MWD(m): 249 ± 97 | 6MWD(m): 432 ± 133 | p < 0.01 | NA |
| de Blok (2006) (41) | I | 8 | 2MST: 36.6 | 2MST: 57.4 | Not reported | NS |
| C | 8 | 2MST: 49.3 | 2MST: 55.1 | Not reported | ||
| Woo (2006) (48) | I | 33 | 6MWD(m): 285 ± 96 | 6MWD(m): 303 ± 98 | NS | NA |
| Wewel (2008) (23) | I | 21 | 6MWD(m): 379.6 ± 115.3 | 6MWD(m): 411.4 ± 100.5 | p = 0.030 | NA |
| Hospes (2009) (32) | I | 18 | 6MWD(m): 364.9 ± 45.1 | 6MWD(m): 387.4 ± 46.6 | Not reported | NS |
| C | 17 | 6MWD(m): 351.4 ± 54.5 | 6MWD(m): 361.4 ± 66.6 | Not reported | ||
| Berry (2010) (14) | I | Baseline: 87 End: 61 |
6MWD(m): 410.7 | 6MWD(m): Month 3: 434.8 ± 8.8 Month 6: 426.7 ± 10.3 Month 12: 408.1 ± 10.5 |
Month 3: p < 0.05 | NS |
| C | Baseline: 89 End: 69 |
6MWD(m): 410.7 | 6MWD(m): Month 3: 428.7 ± 8.3 Month 6: 439.8 ± 9.9 Month 12: 430.5 ± 10.0 |
Month 3, 12: p < 0.05 | ||
| Cruz (2014) (34) | I | 16 | 6MWD(m)(W1): 466.50 ± 81.56 | 6MWD(m): W12: 513.33 ± 86.18 |
W1 to W12: p = 0.001 | NA |
| Song (2014) (64) | I | 20 | 6MWD(m): 300.3 ± 86.6 | 6MWD(m): 333.5 ± 79.2 | Not reported | NS |
| C | 20 | 6MWD(m): 290.0 ± 52.5 | 6MWD(m): 312.7 ± 72.1 | Not reported | ||
| Altenburg (2015) (39) | I | Baseline: 78 Month 3: 65 Month15: 50 |
6MWD(m): 454[361–509]* | 6MWD(m): Changes after 3 months: 19.5[−5.6–45.2]* Changes after 15 months: 22.8[2.4–51.2]* |
Not reported | NS |
| C | Baseline: 77 Month 3: 55 Month15: 51 |
6MWD(m): 450[351–530]* | 6MWD(m): Changes after 3 months: 6.0[−18.5–40.6]* Changes after 15 months: 11.2[−3.3–57.0]* |
Not reported | ||
| Kawagoshi (2015) (31) | I | 12 | 6MWD(m): 369 ± 119 | 6MWD(m): 445 ± 138 | p < 0.01 | Not reported |
| C | 15 | 6MWD(m): 404 ± 148 | 6MWD(m): 467 ± 151 | p < 0.01 | ||
| Mendoza (2015) (37) | I | Baseline: 52 End: 50 |
6MWD(m): 463.1 ± 83.2 | 6MWD(m): Changes after 3 months: 12.4 ± 34.6 |
Not reported | p = 0.03 |
| C | Baseline: 50 End: 47 |
6MWD(m): 469.7 ± 71.6 | 6MWD(m): Changes after 3 months: −0.7 ± 24.4 |
Not reported | ||
| Cruz (2016) (44) | I | 13 | 6MWD(m): 493.8 ± 63.0 | 6MWD(m): Month 3: 547.9 ± 47.9 Month 6: 540.4 ± 31.1 |
p < 0.001 | NS |
| C | 13 | 6MWD(m): 476.2 ± 54.9 | 6MWD(m): Month 3: 529.7 ± 57.2 Month 6: 519.4 ± 50.8 |
p < 0.001 | ||
| Arbillaga-Etxarri (2018) (46) | I | 132 | 6MWD(m): 499 ± 95 | 6MWD(m): 488 ± 106 | p < 0.05 | NS |
| C | 148 | 6MWD(m): 501 ± 83 | 6MWD(m): 493 ± 90 | p < 0.05 | ||
| O’Neill (2018) (28) | I | Baseline:23 End: 16 |
ISWT (m): 253.0 ± 118.8 | ISWT (m): 288.1 ± 107.0 | Not reported | Not reported |
| C | Baseline:26 End: 17 |
ISWT (m): 259.2 ± 140.6 | ISWT (m): 280.0 ± 139.7 | Not reported | ||
| Wootton (2018) (30) | I | 49 | 6MWD(m): 458 ± 87 | 6MWD(m): Changes after 14 months: −6 Changes from 2 months to 14 months: −23 |
Changes from 2 months to 14 months: p < 0.05 | NS |
| C | 46 | 6MWD(m): 467 ± 80 | 6MWD(m): Changes after 14 months: −40 Changes from 2 months to 14 months: −39 |
Changes from 2 months to 14 months: p < 0.05 | ||
| Rutkowski (2019) (54) | I | 34 | 6MWD(m): 469.9 ± 34.3 | 6MWD(m): 508.4 ± 44.3 | P ≤ 0.05 | NS |
| C | 34 | 6MWD(m): 494.9 ± 38.7 | 6MWD(m): 514.7 ± 33 | P ≤ 0.05 | ||
| Sutanto (2019) (53) | I | 10 | 6MWD(m): 376.6 ± 81.0 | 6MWD(m): 420 ± 77.6 | p < 0.001 | NS |
| C | 10 | 6MWD(m): 410.7 ± 105.3 | 6MWD(m): 477.5 ± 122.4 | p < 0.001 | ||
| Kohlbrenner (2020) (35) | I | Baseline: 37 End: 29 |
1MSTS: 20.97 ± 7.04 | 1MSTS: Changes after 3 months: 0.74 ± 3.46 Changes after 12 months: 1.0 ± 7 |
Not reported | NS |
| C | Baseline: 37 End: 31 |
1MSTS: 16.06 ± 8.72 | 1MSTS: Changes after 3 months: 1.81 ± 5.97 Changes after 12 months: −0.5 ± 6.9 |
Not reported | ||
| Park (2020) (33) | I | 22 | 6MWD(m): 378.32 ± 96.96 | 6MWD(m): 433.23 ± 107.23 | p < 0.05 | NS |
| C | 20 | 6MWD(m): 398.10 ± 78.67 | 6MWD(m): 437.60 ± 83.62 | NS | ||
| Rutkowski (2020) (55) | I/ET + VR | 38 | 6MWD(m): 471.53 | 6MWD(m): 510.63 | p = 0.000 | ET vs. ET + VR: p = 0.011 |
| I/VR | 34 | 6MWD(m): 487.91 | 6MWD(m): 523.38 | p = 0.000 | ET vs. VR: p = 0.031 | |
| C/ET | 34 | 6MWD(m): 492.07 | 6MWD(m): 508.3 | p = 0.014 | ||
| Armstrong (2021) (27) | I | 24 | 6MWD(m): 285 ± 92 | 6MWD(m): 339 ± 90 | p = 0.001 | NS |
| C | 24 | 6MWD(m): 276 ± 92 | 6MWD(m): 314 ± 99 | p = 0.001 | ||
| Robinson (2021) (26) | I | 75 | 6MWD(m): 360.8 ± 92.0 | Changes after 3 months: 23.86 ± 82.97 Changes after 6 months: 25.14 ± 83.23 |
Changes after 3 months: Not reported Changes after 6 months: p = 0.010 |
NS |
| C | 78 | 6MWD(m): 357.2 ± 103.5 | Changes after 3 months: 27.58 ± 83.99 Changes after 6 months: 37.41 ± 85.05 |
Changes after 3 months: Not reported Changes after 6 months: p < 0.001 |
||
| Rutkowski (2021) (56) | I | 25 | 6MWD(MET): 6.12 ± 2.12 | 6MWD(MET): 6.75 ± 2.24 | p < 0.0018 | Not reported |
| C | 25 | 6MWD(MET): 5.98 ± 1.84 | 6MWD(MET): 6.76 ± 1.28 | p < 0.0002 | ||
| Yao (2021) (50) | I | 50 | 6MWD(m): 362.31 ± 91.24 | 6MWD(m): 423.67 ± 102.32 | Not reported | p = 0.030 |
| C | 50 | 6MWD(m): 364.57 ± 93.66 | 6MWD(m): 382.28 ± 84.95 | |||
| Colombo (2023) (57) | I | 12 | 6MWD(m): 478.00 ± 80.44 | 6MWD(m): 520.50 ± 69.24 | p < 0.05 | NA |
| Norweg (2023) (36) | I | 12 | 6MWD(m): 358.27 ± 87.85 | 6MWD(m): 397.64 ± 92.2 | p = 0.01 | Not reported |
| C | 4 | 6MWD(m): 322.94 ± 72.66 | 6MWD(m): 347.93 ± 84.71 | Not reported | ||
| Self-efficacy | ||||||
| Giardino (2004) (29) | I | 20 | COPD self-efficacy: 49 ± 22 | COPD self-efficacy: 62 ± 20 | p < 0.01 | NA |
| de Blok (2006) (41) | I | 8 | Self-efficacy: 25.3 | Self-efficacy: 28.5 | Not reported | NS |
| C | 8 | Self-efficacy: 27.0 | Self-efficacy: 26.6 | Not reported | ||
| Hospes (2009) (32) | I | 18 | LIVAS: 29.8 ± 7.9 | LIVAS: 31.0 ± 8.9 | Not reported | NS |
| C | 17 | LIVAS: 28.4 ± 7.9 | LIVAS: 28.5 ± 8.3 | Not reported | ||
| Cruz (2016) (44) | I | 13 | Self-efficacy Scale: 77.0 ± 12.0 | Self-efficacy Scale: Month 3: 75.3 ± 12.7 Month 6: 79.5 ± 11.4 |
NS | NS |
| C | 13 | Self-efficacy Scale: 82.4 ± 10.4 | Self-efficacy Scale: Month 3: 85.7 ± 11.1 Month 6: 79.6 ± 13.0 |
NS | ||
| Jolly (2018) (38) | I | Baseline: 287 Month 6: 247 Month12: 228 |
Stanford self efficacy scale: 8.3 ± 1.6 | Stanford self efficacy scale: Month 6: 8.1 ± 1.7 Month 12: 8.1 ± 1.6 |
Not reported | NS |
| C | Baseline: 284 Month 6: 275 Month12: 272 |
Stanford self efficacy scale: 8.0 ± 1.7 | Stanford self efficacy scale: Month 6: 7.8 ± 1.8 Month 12: 7.7 ± 1.8 |
Not reported | ||
| Vayisoglu (2019) (63) | I | 44 | SE Scale: Coping SE: 12.05 ± 1.43 Action SE: 10.86 ± 1.95 |
SE Scale: Coping SE: 13.11 ± 1.08 Action SE: 11.70 ± 2.01 |
Coping SE: p < 0.001 Action SE: p < 0.001 |
Coping SE: p < 0.001 Action SE: p < 0.001 |
| C | 44 | SE Scale: Coping SE: 11.39 ± 1.97 Action SE: 10.45 ± 2.52 |
SE Scale: Coping SE: 11.70 ± 2.01 Action SE: 10.93 ± 2.42 |
Action SE: p = 0.035 | ||
| Park (2020) (33) | I | 22 | SEMCD: 6.71 ± 1.93 | SEMCD: 6.89 ± 1.75 | NS | NS |
| C | 20 | SEMCD: 6.47 ± 1.64 | SEMCD: 6.69 ± 2.26 | NS | ||
| Yao (2020) (49) | I | 64 | ES-CA: 93.26 ± 11.23 | ES-CA: 129.71 ± 23.22 | Not reported | p < 0.05 |
| C | 64 | ES-CA: 94.13 ± 12.75 | ES-CA: 109.25 ± 17.52 | Not reported | ||
| Yao (2021) (50) | I | 50 | health promotion self-care scale: 52.69 ± 9.36 | health promotion self-care scale: 65.91 ± 11.39 | Not reported | p < 0.001 |
| C | 50 | health promotion self-care scale: 52.74 ± 10.21 | health promotion self-care scale: 56.36 ± 10.36 | |||
| Pulmonary function | ||||||
| Esteve (1996) (42) | I | 9 | FEV1(% predicted): 33.2 ± 7.4 | FEV1(% predicted): 40.1 ± 11.5 | p = 0.038 | NS |
| C | 10 | FEV1(% predicted): 37.6 ± 14.8 | FEV1(% predicted): 37.1 ± 12.9 | NS | ||
| Giardino (2004) (29) | I | 20 | FEV1(% predicted): 46 ± 16 | FEV1(% predicted): 51 ± 17 | NS | NA |
| Chau (2012) (59) | I | 22 | FEV1(% predicted): 33.59 ± 14.86 | FEV1(% predicted): 33.64 ± 14.57 | NS | Not reported |
| C | 18 | FEV1(% predicted): 43.89 ± 29.11 | FEV1(% predicted): 39.83 ± 15.36 | NS | ||
| Rutkowski (2021) (56) | I | 25 | FEV1%: 71.00 ± 23.66 | FEV1%: 73.25 ± 23.24 | NS | Not reported |
| C | 25 | FEV1%: 86.48 ± 21.13 | FEV1%: 90.24 ± 19.36 | p < 0.049 | ||
| Clinical symptom | ||||||
| Moy (2012) (25) | I | 21 | mMRC score: 2.48 ± 1.12 | mMRC score: 3.22 ± 0.736 | NS | NA |
| Tabak (2014) (47) | I | 14 | MRC score: 2.0 ± 0.9 | MRC score: Changes after 3 weeks: −0.3 ± 0.7 |
NS | NS |
| C | 15 | MRC score: 2.3 ± 1.4 | MRC score: Changes after 3 weeks: −0.2 ± 0.9 |
NS | ||
| Kawagoshi (2015) (31) | I | 12 | MRC score: 1.9 ± 0.8 | MRC score: 1.2 ± 0.9 | p = 0.039 | Not reported |
| C | 15 | MRC score: 1.9 ± 0.7 | MRC score: 1.4 ± 0.9 | NS | ||
| Mendoza (2015) (37) | I | Baseline: 52 End: 50 |
CAT score: 15.5 ± 8.9 | CAT score: Changes after 3 months: −3.5 ± 5.5 |
Not reported | p = 0.001 |
| C | Baseline: 50 End: 47 |
CAT score: 16.5 ± 7.3 | CAT score: Changes after 3 months: −0.6 ± 6.6 |
Not reported | ||
| Arbillaga-Etxarri (2018) (46) | I | 132 | CAT score: 12 ± 7 | CAT score: 11 ± 7 | p < 0.05 | NS |
| C | 148 | CAT score: 12 ± 8 | CAT score: 11 ± 7 | NS | ||
| Jolly (2018) (38) | I | Baseline: 289 Month 6: 237 Month12: 247 |
MRC score: 1: 31% 2: 69% |
MRC score: 1: 26% 2: 74% |
Not reported | NS |
| C | Baseline: 288 Month 6: 265 Month12: 269 |
MRC score: Month 6: 1 vs. 2 vs. 3 vs. 4 vs. 5: 32% vs. 58% vs. 6 3% vs. <1% Month 12: 1 vs. 2 vs. 3 vs. 4: 31% vs. 61% vs. 7 2% |
MRC score: Month 6: 1 vs. 2 vs. 3 vs. 4: 32% vs. 60% vs. 7 2% Month 12: 1 vs. 2 vs. 3 vs. 4: 28% vs. 61% vs. 10 2% |
Not reported | ||
| O’Neill (2018) (28) | I | Baseline:23 End: 17 |
CAT score: 23.8 ± 6.9 | CAT score: 22.5 ± 7.0 | Not reported | Not reported |
| C | Baseline:26 End: 19 |
CAT score: 18.7 ± 7.3 | CAT score: 16.6 ± 5.3 | Not reported | ||
| Sutanto (2019) (53) | I | 10 | MRC score: 3(0.67)* | MRC score: 3(0.5)* | NS | p = 0.036 |
| C | 10 | MRC score: 2.5(0.5)* | MRC score: 2(0.4)* | NS | ||
| Kohlbrenner (2020) (35) | I | Baseline: 37 End: 29 |
CAT score: 17.14 ± 6.77 | CAT score: Changes after 3 months: −0.86 ± 5.18 Changes after 12 months: −1.32 ± 7.49 |
Not reported | NS |
| C | Baseline: 37 End: 31 |
CAT score: 19.14 ± 6.15 | CAT score: Changes after 3 months: −1.92 ± 4.45 Changes after 12 months: −1.63 ± 8.28 |
Not reported | ||
| Park (2020) (33) | I | 22 | UCSD-SOBQ: 21.18 ± 16.05 | UCSD-SOBQ: 21.45 ± 17.78 | NS | NS |
| C | 20 | UCSD-SOBQ: 19.25 ± 13.83 | UCSD-SOBQ: 19.70 ± 14.34 | NS | ||
| Armstrong (2021) (27) | I | 24 | CAT score: 25.9 ± 6.4 | CAT score: 21.7 ± 6.1 | p = 0.001 | p = 0.025 |
| C | 24 | CAT score: 27.0 ± 6.4 | CAT score: 24.9 ± 7.1 | p = 0.002 | ||
| Geidl (2021) (45) | I | 167 | CAT score: 23.23 ± 6.57 | CAT score: Week 6: 17.82 ± 8.04 Month 6: 19.04 ± 7.99 |
Not reported | NS |
| C | 160 | CAT score: 23.32 ± 6.82 | CAT score: Week 6: 17.61 ± 7.74 Month 6: 18.93 ± 7.96 |
Not reported | ||
| Robinson (2021) (26) | I | 75 | mMRC score: 2.0 ± 1.2 | Changes after 3 months: −0.17 ± 1.82 Changes after 6 months: −0.06 ± 1,82 |
Changes after 3/6 months: Not reported | NS |
| C | 78 | mMRC score: 2.1 ± 1.2 | Changes after 3 months: 0.07 ± 1.85 Changes after 6 months: 0.00 ± 1.85 |
Changes after 3/6 months: Not reported | ||
| Quality of life | ||||||
| Giardino (2004) (29) | I | 20 | SGRQ: 50.1 ± 15.4 | SGRQ: 41.9 ± 14.1 | p < 0.01 | NA |
| de Blok (2006) (41) | I | 8 | SGRQ: 59.1 | SGRQ: 56.3 | Not reported | NS |
| C | 8 | SGRQ: 50.8 | SGRQ: 44.7 | Not reported | ||
| Woo (2006) (48) | I | 33 | SGRQ: 53.69 ± 19.61 | SGRQ: 34.72 ± 14.12 | p < 0.001 | NA |
| Wewel (2008) (23) | I | 21 | SGRQ: 59[51–64]* | SGRQ: 52[45–66]* | NS | NA |
| Hospes (2009) (32) | I | 18 | SGRQ: 37.7 ± 12.4 | SGRQ: 34.2 ± 13.5 | Not reported | p = 0.05 |
| C | 17 | SGRQ: 35.2 ± 18.7 | SGRQ: 38.3 ± 16.8 | Not reported | ||
| Berry (2010) (14) | I | Baseline: 87 End: 61 |
CRQ: 4.3 | CRQ: Month 3: 4.6 ± 0.1 Month 6: 4.5 ± 0.1 Month 12: 4.6 ± 0.1 |
Month 3, 12: p < 0.05 | NS |
| C | Baseline: 89 End: 69 |
CRQ: 4.3 | CRQ: Month 3: 4.8 ± 0.1 Month 6: 4.7 ± 0.1 Month 12: 4.6 ± 0.1 |
Month 3, 12: p < 0.05 | ||
| Chau (2012) (59) | I | 22 | CRQ: Dyspnea: 4.27 ± 1.23 Fatigue: 4.09 ± 1.26 Emotion: 4.84 ± 1.47 Mastery: 4.60 ± 1.43 |
CRQ: Dyspnea: 3.97 ± 1.17 Fatigue: 4.11 ± 1.25 Emotion: 4.92 ± 1.40 Mastery: 4.61 ± 1.62 |
NS | NS |
| C | 18 | CRQ: Dyspnea: 4.20 ± 0.83 Fatigue: 4.40 ± 0.99 Emotion: 5.24 ± 1.42 Mastery:4.94 ± 1.16 |
CRQ: Dyspnea: 4.45 ± 0.96 Fatigue: 4.79 ± 1.07 Emotion: 5.61 ± 1.17 Mastery:4.88 ± 1.27 |
NS | ||
| Moy (2012) (25) | I | 23 | SF-36: 3.13 ± 0.757 | SF-36: 3.22 ± 0.736 | NS | NA |
| Song (2014) (64) | I | 20 | SGRQ: 52.9 ± 18.2 | SGRQ: 42.3 ± 7.9 | Not reported | p = 0.033 |
| C | 20 | SGRQ: 62.1 ± 17.4 | SGRQ: 66.8 ± 6.4 | Not reported | ||
| Tabak (2014) (47) | I | 14 | CCQ: 2.0 ± 0.8 | CCQ: Changes after 3 weeks: −0.3 ± 0.5 |
p = 0.046 | NS |
| C | 15 | CCQ: 1.8 ± 1.0 | CCQ: Changes after 3 weeks: 0.0 ± 0.6 |
NS | ||
| Altenburg (2015) (39) | I | Baseline: 78 Month 3: 65 Month15: 50 |
CRQ: 102[86–118]* | CRQ: Changes after 3 months: 4[−2–15]* Changes after 15 months: 2[−6–10]* |
Not reported | NS |
| C | Baseline: 77 Month 3: 55 Month15: 51 |
CRQ: 109[87–119]* | CRQ: Changes after 3 months: 2[−7–14]* Changes after 15 months: 2[−5–12]* |
Not reported | ||
| Kawagoshi (2015) (31) | I | 12 | CRQ: 98 ± 20 | CRQ: 108 ± 19 | p = 0.027 | Not reported |
| C | 15 | CRQ: 99 ± 19 | CRQ: 110 ± 19 | p < 0.01 | ||
| Mendoza (2015) (37) | I | Baseline: 52 End: 50 |
SGRQ: 41.9 ± 19.8 | SGRQ: Changes after 3 months: −8.8 ± 12.2 |
Not reported | p = 0.02 |
| C | Baseline: 50 End: 47 |
SGRQ: 43.7 ± 16.7 | SGRQ: Changes after 3 months: −3.8 ± 10.9 |
Not reported | ||
| Cruz (2016) (44) | I | 13 | SGRQ: 31.5 ± 15.7 | SGRQ: Month 3: 24.0 ± 13.6 Month 6: 23.1 ± 10.3 |
p < 0.001 | NS |
| C | 13 | SGRQ: 34.9 ± 14.7 | SGRQ: Month 3: 26.9 ± 15.2 Month 6: 26.2 ± 15.3 |
p < 0.001 | ||
| Arbillaga-Etxarri (2018) (46) | I | 132 | CCQ: 1 ± 1 | CCQ: 1 ± 1 | p < 0.05 | NS |
| C | 148 | CCQ: 1 ± 1 | CCQ: 1 ± 1 | NS | ||
| Jolly (2018) (38) | I | Baseline: 277 Month 6: 222 Month12: 217 |
SGRQ: 27.8 ± 14.6 | SGRQ: Month 6: 28.6 ± 17.1 Month 12: 27.9 ± 15.7 |
Not reported | NS |
| C | Baseline: 272 Month 6: 237 Month12: 256 |
SGRQ: 29.5 ± 14.5 | SGRQ: Month 6: 30.5 ± 16.7 Month 12: 30.9 ± 17.0 |
Not reported | ||
| O’Neill (2018) (28) | I | Baseline:23 End: 16 |
EQ-5D weighted health index: 0.5 ± 0.2 EQ-5D health state VAS: 56.2 ± 20.8 |
EQ-5D weighted health index: 0.5 ± 0.3 EQ-5D health state VAS: 58.6 ± 23.0 |
Not reported | Not reported |
| C | Baseline:26 End: 19 |
EQ-5D weighted health index: 0.6 ± 0.3 EQ-5D health state VAS: 60.8 ± 12.3 |
EQ-5D weighted health index: 0.7 ± 0.2 EQ-5D health state VAS: 74.0 ± 19.9 |
Not reported | ||
| Wootton (2018) (30) | I | 49 | SGRQ: 46 ± 18 | SGRQ: Changes after 14 months: −5 Changes from 2 months to 14 months: 1 |
Changes after 14 months: p < 0.05 | NS |
| C | 46 | SGRQ: 47 ± 16 | SGRQ: Changes after 14 months: −2 Changes from 2 months to 14 months: 4 |
Changes from 2 months to 14 months: p < 0.05 | ||
| Collins (2019) (40) | I | 58 | CRQ: Dyspnea: 16.6 ± 4.2 Fatigue: 15.9 ± 4.0 Emotion: 33.3 ± 7.9 Mastery: 18.8 ± 5.1 |
CRQ: Dyspnea: 21.1 ± 5.4 Fatigue: 17.7 ± 4.8 Emotion: 36.6 ± 8.6 Mastery: 21.2 ± 5.0 |
Not reported | Not reported# |
| C | 61 | CRQ: Dyspnea: 16.2 ± 5.4 Fatigue: 16.5 ± 4.7 Emotion: 33.6 ± 9.4 Mastery: 19.6 ± 5.4 |
CRQ: Dyspnea: 19.4 ± 6.7 Fatigue: 18.4 ± 5.0 Emotion: 36.9 ± 9.0 Mastery: 21.0 ± 5.3 |
Not reported | ||
| Sutanto (2019) (53) | I | 10 | SGRQ: 57.7 ± 11.6 | SGRQ: 30.6 ± 5.9 | p = 0.001 | NS |
| C | 10 | SGRQ: 54.1 ± 16.3 | SGRQ: 29.4 ± 9.9 | p = 0.002 | ||
| Jung (2020) (52) | I | 10 | CRQ: Dyspnea: 2.22 ± 1.09 Fatigue: 3.11 ± 1.43 Emotion: 3.85 ± 1.52 Mastery:3.83 ± 1.19 |
CRQ: Dyspnea: 2.96 ± 1.15 Fatigue: 3.27 ± 1.15 Emotion: 4.36 ± 1.01 Mastery:4.22 ± 0.74 |
Not reported | NA |
| Park (2020) (33) | I | 22 | SF-36: PCS: 43.43 ± 9.00 MCS: 51.62 ± 8.71 |
SF-36: PCS: 43.94 ± 8.97 MCS: 50.10 ± 8.33 |
NS | NS |
| C | 20 | SF-36: PCS: 46.36 ± 5.58 MCS: 52.13 ± 8.49 |
SF-36: PCS: 44.95 ± 5.95 MCS: 49.03 ± 11.02 |
NS | ||
| Yao (2020) (49) | I | 64 | Not reported | QLQ-C: Role function: 78.25 ± 2.41 Emotional function: 80.27 ± 2.38 Physical function: 80.43 ± 2.44 Cognitive function:79.91 ± 3.32 Social function: 80.15 ± 2.57 |
Not reported | p < 0.001 |
| C | 64 | Not reported | QLQ-C: Role function: 60.29 ± 2.11 Emotional function: 61.43 ± 2.39 Physical function: 61.02 ± 3.03 Cognitive function: 60.95 ± 2.86 Social function: 61.48 ± 2.43 |
|||
| Armstrong (2021) (27) | I | 24 | CCQ: 2.5 ± 1.1 | CCQ: 2.2 ± 1.1 | NS | NS |
| C | 24 | CCQ: 2.5 ± 1.3 | CCQ: 2.4 ± 1.3 | NS | ||
| Criner (2021) (61) | I | Baseline: 67 End: 58 |
CCQ: 2.3 ± 0.91 | Reported in diagram format | NS | Not reported |
| C | Baseline: 70 End: 67 |
CCQ: 2.8 ± 0.97 | Reported in diagram format | NS | ||
| Geidl (2021) (45) | I | 167 | SGRQ: 55.5 ± 16.8 | SGRQ: Week 6: 40.9 ± 21.6 Month 6: 44.3 ± 19.8 |
Not reported | NS |
| C | 160 | SGRQ: 57.0 ± 17.1 | SGRQ: Week 6: 40.4 ± 20.7 Month 6: 43.6 ± 20.5 |
Not reported | ||
| Robinson (2021) (26) | I | 75 | SGRQ: 40.0 ± 15.3 | Changes after 3 months: −14.63 ± 31.09 Changes after 6 months: −13.05 ± 31.09 |
Changes after 3/6 months: Not reported | NS |
| C | 78 | SGRQ: 38.0 ± 17.8 | Changes after 3 months: −13.86 ± 28.44 Changes after 6 months: −15.13 ± 28.44 |
Changes after 3/6 months: Not reported | ||
| Norweg (2023) (36) | I | 12 | SGRQ: 52.47 ± 18.08 | SGRQ: 40.72 ± 16.48 | p = 0.01 | Not reported |
| C | 3 | SGRQ: 56.65 ± 11.79 | SGRQ: 46.69 ± 0.85 | Not reported | ||
I, intervention; C, control; NS, No significance; NA, Not applicable; 6WMD, 6-min walking distance; SGRQ, St. George Respiratory Questionnaire; QLQ-C30, Quality of Life Questionnaire-Core 30; ES-CA, Exercise of self-care agency; CRQ, Chronic Respiratory Questionnaire; MMAS-8, Morisky Medication Adherence Scale 8 items; CCQ, Clinical COPD Questionnaire; SF-36, Medical Outcome Study Short Form-36; PCS, Physical component subscale; MCS, Mental component subscale; ISWT, Incremental Shuttle Walk Test; MRC scale, Medical Research Council Dyspnea Scale; SEMCD, Self-Efficacy for Managing Chronic Disease 6-Item Scale; 1MSTS, 1-min sit-to-stand test; 2MST, 2-Minute Step Test; UCSD-SOBQ, The University of California, San Diego Shortness of Breath Questionnaire.
*
Values are median values and quartiles (in parentheses).
#
The total CRQ score was not reported.