. 2024 Nov 5;12:1404590. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1404590

Table 5.

Effectiveness of nudge elements by delivery mode and targeted outcome.

	Medication adherence	Inhalation technique	Smoking cessation	Influenza vaccination	Physical activity	Exercise capacity	Self-efficacy	Pulmonary function	Clinical symptom	Quality of life
Social influence
Mobile applications					1^a	1^b	2^b			1^b
Web-based
Pedometer/devices
Group sessions					1^a	2^a				2^c
Text materials
Gamification
Mobile applications					1^a
Web-based						1^b
Pedometer/devices						4^c		1^a	1^b	2^a
Group sessions
Text materials
Reminder
Mobile applications	2^b									1^a
Web-based
Pedometer/devices								1^a		1^a
Group sessions
Text materials	1^b	1^b		1^b		1^a	1^b			1^b
Feedback
Mobile applications					1^a				1^a	1^a
Web-based
Pedometer/devices	3^b		1^a		17^c	17^c	6^c	2^a	11^c	19^c
Group sessions
Text materials

Numbers in the table represent the number of literatures corresponding to the intervention mode (vertical columns) and targeted outcome (horizontal columns).

No statically significant outcome.

Statically significant outcome.

Mixed results.