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. 2024 Nov 18;17:65. doi: 10.1007/s40820-024-01578-z

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — Self-powered motion-sensing capability of LCE-M-based polymeric device. a, b Schematic comparison in motion sensing between the mammalian motion system and LCE-M-based piezoelectric motion sensing. V_OC output collected under: c different temperature and d cyclic 250 W light irradiation. e V_OC and actuation stress versus time during light-driven deformation. f Comparison of response time observed from contraction strain, stress and piezoelectric voltage. g Linear dependance of the V_OC on the actuation stress. Sample size for error bars: 5