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. 2024 Nov 19;17:66. doi: 10.1007/s40820-024-01568-1

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© The Author(s) 2024

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Fig. 5 — Mechanism of feeding-gas-mediated structural evolution. In situ Raman spectra evolution in a time scale with an interval of 5 min for a Cu₂O-CO₂ and b Cu₂O-Ar in the pre-electrolysis process for activation. The applied potential is −1.1 V versus RHE; c In situ Raman spectra evolution with decreasing potential from OCP to −1.2 V versus RHE. The typical peaks of Cu₂O are labeled with pink rhombus. The *CO intermediate is highlighted with an orange background. d Partial current density and Faradaic efficiency of the main CO₂RR products after activation in O₂. Red hollow squares are C₂H₄ partial current densities at each sampling time. e The reaction energy diagram for CO₂RR to C₂H₄ on Cu (110) slab, Cu₂O(110) slab, and Cu/Cu₂O interface. (Color figure online)