Figure 1.

Overview of study design, cohort attrition, and the heterogeneous Latent-TL pipeline

The figure delineates the three core stages to implement the latent transfer learning (Latent-TL) pipeline: (1) identification of latent patient subpopulations characterized by specific multimorbidity patterns based on data from multiple health systems, (2) causal estimation tailored to the patient population in the target hospital, and (3) adaptive integration across hospitals for enhanced estimation.