Fig. 1.

Schematic representation of the model development pipeline. a Mammograms with a delineated blurred area by expert radiologists serve as input. b The pectoralis muscle and the skin are removed. Subsequently, a window is slid over each mammogram, and at each location, a fast Fourier transform is performed (c). d A radial average is calculated serving as a basis for nWS computation. e The extracted nWS from the whole dataset is used for training, validation and testing of the CNN. f A probability map for each mammogram from a test set is obtained