Table 1. Characteristics of study participants according to the metabolic syndrome and sex.
| Variables | Men (n=2795) | Women (n=3318) | ||||
| Without metabolic syndrome (n=1336) | With metabolic syndrome (n=1459) | P value | Without metabolic syndrome (n=2343) | With metabolic syndrome (n=975) | P value | |
| Age, years | 41.18 (14.9) | 48.17 (13.9) | <0.001 | 41.83 (12.2) | 53.45 (11.9) | <0.001 |
| Education level | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Primary | 59 (4.4) | 67 (4.6) | 125 (5.3) | 196 (20.1) | ||
| Secondary | 606 (45.4) | 759 (52) | 1055 (45) | 513 (52.6) | ||
| Higher | 671 (50.2) | 633 (43.4) | 1163 (49.6) | 266 (27.3) | ||
| Employment | 0.177 | <0.001 | ||||
| Unemployed | 352 (26.3) | 352 (24.1) | 1682 (71.8) | 841 (86.3) | ||
| Employed | 984 (73.7) | 1228 (84.2) | 661 (28.2) | 134 (13.7) | ||
| Marital status | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Unmarried | 529 (39.6) | 301 (20.6) | 683 (29.2) | 177 (18.2) | ||
| Married | 807 (60.4) | 1158 (79.4) | 1660 (70.8) | 798 (81.8) | ||
| Smoking status | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Yes | 330 (24.7) | 301 (20.6) | 69 (2.9) | 23 (2.4) | ||
| No | 1006 (75.3) | 1158 (79.4) | 2274 (97.1) | 952 (97.6) | ||
| Leisure-time physical activity | 1027.06 (824.2) | 833.48 (542.7) | <0.001 | 723.62 (659.2) | 586.18 (429.2) | <0.001 |
| CKD | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Yes | 117 (8.8) | 310 (21.2) | 526 (22.4) | 434 (44.5) | ||
| No | 1219 (91.2) | 1149 (78.8) | 1817 (77.6) | 541 (55.5) | ||
| History of CVD | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Yes | 137 (10.3) | 259 (17.8) | 309 (13.2) | 230 (23.6) | ||
| No | 1199 (89.7) | 1200 (82.2) | 2034 (86.8) | 745 (76.4) | ||
| History of cancer | 0.308 | 0.084 | ||||
| Yes | 2 (0.1) | 5 (0.3) | 10 (0.4) | 9 (0.9) | ||
| No | 1334 (99.9) | 1457 (99.7) | 2333 (99.6) | 966 (99.1) | ||
| SBP, mm Hg | 111.11 (11.6) | 119.79 (14.6) | <0.001 | 103.59 (11.9) | 116.39 (15.6) | <0.001 |
| DBP, mm Hg | 74.00 (8.8) | 77.11 (15.7) | <0.001 | 70.55 (8.21) | 75.97 (10.6) | <0.001 |
| WC, cm | 90.42 (10.7) | 100.47 (9.1) | <0.001 | 87.86 (10.4) | 99.90 (9.4) | <0.001 |
| FBS, mg/dL | 90.70 (7.5) | 96.84 (9.4) | <0.001 | 89.80 (7.6) | 96.87 (9.6) | <0.001 |
| TG, mg/dL | 107.49 (49.1) | 195.29 (107.3) | <0.001 | 103.19 (45.0) | 174.91 (88.2) | <0.001 |
| HDL, mg/dL | 47.12 (9.5) | 39.23 (8.5) | <0.001 | 53.07 (10.3) | 45.97 (1.2) | <0.001 |
Categorical and continuous variables are expressed as mean (SD) and number (%), respectively. The p value was assessed using χ2 tests for categorical variables and the t-test for continuous variables.
Bold values are significant.
CKDchronic kidney diseaseCVDcardiovascular diseaseDBPdiastolic blood pressureFBSfasting blood sugarHDLhigh-density lipoproteinSBPsystolic blood pressureTGtriglycerideWCwaist circumference