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. 2024 Nov 19;24:143. doi: 10.1186/s12862-024-02330-2

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Behavioural responses of two individuals of the non-native P. elegans or the native P. adspersus to a perceived predation threat, the appearance of a model pike in experiment 3. Data shows (a) latency to respond to the threat, and (b) time until resuming normal behaviour. Values are averages ± SE, N = 8 for each species (with each replicate including observation of two individuals)