Fig. 4.

Gene-predicted associations between benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and comorbidities in two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis (inverse variance weighting (IVW) method). Red indicates significance (p < 0.05) and blue indicates not significance (p > 0.05). The circle represents the odds ratio (OR), the horizontal line indicates the range between the 95% upper and lower confidence limits, and the arrow shows that the 95% UCL exceeds the boundary. If the arrow is to the left of the OR, it means the 95% lower confidence limit also exceeds the boundary. BPH = Benign prostatic hyperplasia; UKBB = UK Biobank; COPD = Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; OR = Odds ratio