Table 1.

Descriptive statistics of parenting practices and their associations with adolescents’ physical activity levels

Parenting practices	Parent reported				Adolescent reported				Difference score
	mean	SD	β	p	mean	SD	β	p	mean	SD	β	p
Punishment	1.70	0.68	0.04	0.47	1.40	0.72	0.04	0.41	0.30	0.93	0.00	0.91
Pressuring	2.39	0.66	-0.02	0.64	2.22	0.72	0.00	0.99	0.18	0.85	-0.01	0.72
Restriction	1.71	0.66	0.09	0.07	1.68	0.69	0.00	0.95	0.03	0.81	0.06	0.13
Disengagement	2.30	0.60	0.02	0.69	2.15	0.77	-0.13	< 0.01	0.14	0.92	0.10	0.01
Expectation	4.16	0.54	-0.01	0.86	3.74	0.72	0.35	< 0.001	0.41	0.81	-0.28	< 0.001
Facilitation	2.29	0.79	0.14	< 0.01	2.46	0.90	0.29	< 0.001	-0.17	0.97	-0.16	< 0.001
Monitoring	3.41	0.66	0.06	0.21	3.20	0.92	0.14	< 0.001	0.21	1.01	-0.09	0.01
Non-directive support	3.90	0.57	0.07	0.26	3.73	0.82	0.24	< 0.001	0.17	0.87	-0.19	< 0.001
Autonomy support	3.41	0.59	0.15	0.01	3.16	0.84	0.30	< 0.001	0.25	0.86	-0.21	< 0.001

Difference scores were calculated from parent-reported scores subtracting adolescent-reported scores. Linear regression models were adjusted for parent’s gender and education, and adolescents’ gender and single child status