Molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis in E. coli. Shown are the known biosynthetic intermediates dividing the whole pathway into four steps and giving rise to the different forms of cofactor found in the three distinct Mo-enzyme families: the Mo/W-bisPGD family, the sulfite oxidase family, and the xanthine oxidase family. Ribbon representation of the crystal structures of the Moco biosynthetic proteins are shown: MoaA (56), MoaC (58), MoaD-MoaE complex (63), MoeB-MoaD complex (68), MogA (91), MoeA (222), MobA (111, 112), and MobB (114). Individual figures were generated with PYMOL (223) using the deposited coordinates from the protein structure data base. doi:10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0006-2013.f1