Table 1.
Characteristics of participants (N=1068).
| Variables | All participants (N=1068) |
With diabetes (N=123) |
Without diabetes (N=945) |
P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year) | 53 (45-62) | 56 (48-64) | 53 (44-62) | <0.001 |
| Gender (male), n (%) | 487 (45.6) | 61 (49.6) | 426 (45.1) | 0.387 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.5 (25.1-32.8) | 31.83 (28.52-36.18) | 28.0 (25.0-32.4) | 0.467 |
| Ever smoked cigarettes regularly, n (%) | 546 (51.1) | 68 (55.3) | 478 (50.6) | 0.339 |
| Number of years drank that much (years) | 5 (2-15) | 5 (2-20) | 5 (2-15) | 0.166 |
| Regular exercise for 20 minutes or more at least 3 times/week, n (%) | 823 (77.1) | 85 (69.1) | 738 (78.1) | 0.030 |
| Average systolic BP (mmHg) | 130 (118-143) | 134 (121-144) | 130 (118-143) | 0.809 |
| Average diastolic BP (mmHg) | 75 (68-82) | 73 (67-82) | 75 (69-83) | 0.622 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 123 (11.5) | – | – | – |
| Blood markers | ||||
| Blood gamma-tocopherol (umol/L) | 3.04 (1.88-4.95) | 3.51 (2.03-5.97) | 2.99 (1.86-4.87) | 0.022 |
| Blood alpha-tocopherol (umol/L) | 26.06 (20.11-34.17) | 26.09 (18.62-32.63) | 26.02 (20.22-34.22) | 0.002 |
| Blood hemoglobin A1c % | 5.82 (5.60- 6.20) | 7.20 (6.50-9.03) | 5.74 (5.50-6.04) | 0.016 |
| Blood fasting glucose levels (mg/dL) | 96.0 (90.0-104.0) | 120.0 (104.0-154.0) | 95.0 (89.0-102.0) | 0.063 |
| Blood fasting insulin levels (uIU/mL) | 10.0 (6.0-16.0) | 15.0 (10.0-25.0) | 9.0 (6.0-15.0) | 0.474 |
| Blood total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 185.0 (160.0-212.0) | 165.0 (149.0-187.0) | 187.0 (162.0-214.0) | 0.183 |
| Blood triglycerides (mg/dl) | 106.0 (76.0-154.8) | 126.0 (90.0-187.0) | 105.0 (75.0-150.5) | 0.412 |
| Blood HDL-C (mg/dl) | 53.0 (43.0-66.0) | 48.0 (40.0-64.0) | 54.0 (43.0-67.0) | 0.784 |
| Blood LDL-C (mg/dl) | 102.0 (81.0-128.0) | 86.0 (67.0-109.0) | 104.0 (83.0-130.0) | 0.164 |
BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.