Table 1.
Study Cohort Baseline Characteristics (N = 639,279)
| HFpEF (n = 33,304, 5.2%) | HFrEF (n = 26,176, 4.1%) | No HF (n = 580,249, 90.7%) | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (y) | ||||
| ≤65 | 1,421 (4.3) | 1,872 (7.2) | 79,751 (13.7) | <0.001 |
| 66-70 | 5,228 (15.7) | 4,595 (17.6) | 174,393 (30.1) | |
| 71-75 | 6,295 (18.9) | 5,180 (19.8) | 135,525 (23.4) | |
| 76-80 | 6,628 (19.9) | 5,436 (20.8) | 91,761 (15.8) | |
| >80 | 13,732 (41.2) | 9,093 (34.7) | 98,819 (17.0) | |
| Age, y | 78.1 ± 8.5 | 76.5 ± 8.9 | 71.7 ± 10.0 | <0.001 |
| Sex | ||||
| Female | 21,580 (64.8) | 11,513 (44.0) | 352,827 (60.8) | <0.001 |
| Residence | ||||
| Rural | 1,234 (3.7) | 967 (3.7) | 20,338 (3.5) | <0.001 |
| Urban | 2,487 (7.5) | 1,992 (7.6) | 41,811 (7.2) | |
| Urban-metro adjacent | 4,271 (12.8) | 3,599 (13.7) | 68,099 (11.7) | |
| Metro | 25,312 (76.0) | 19,618 (74.9) | 450,001 (77.6) | |
| Race | ||||
| White | 32,406 (97.3) | 25,084 (95.8) | 541,433 (93.3) | <0.001 |
| Black | 525 (1.6) | 705 (2.7) | 18,606 (3.2) | |
| Other | 373 (1.1) | 387 (1.5) | 20,210 (3.5) | |
| Region | ||||
| Midwest | 8,964 (26.9) | 6,478 (24.7) | 135,238 (23.3) | <0.001 |
| Northeast | 4,857 (14.6) | 3,329 (12.7) | 74,536 (12.8) | |
| South | 16,312 (49.0) | 13,552 (51.8) | 298,134 (51.4) | |
| West | 3,160 (9.5) | 2,806 (10.7) | 71,823 (12.4) | |
| Other | 11 (0.03) | 11 (0) | 518 (0.09) | |
| Utilization before index date | ||||
| CV-related ED visits | 6,380 (19.2) | 5,532 (21.1) | 12,924 (2.2) | <0.001 |
| CV-related inpatient visits | 5,681 (17.1) | 5,225 (20.0) | 10,708 (1.8) | <0.001 |
| CV-related inpatient stays >5 days | 1,663 (5.0) | 1,654 (6.3) | 1,797 (0.3) | <0.001 |
| CV-related outpatient visits | 18,167 (54.5) | 17,733 (67.7) | 96,627 (16.7) | <0.001 |
| Non-CV related ED visits | 10,824 (32.5) | 7,858 (30.0) | 87,659 (15.1) | <0.001 |
| Non-CV related inpatient visits | 8,536 (25.6) | 6,581 (25.1) | 47,471 (8.2) | <0.001 |
| Non-CV related outpatient visits | 32,432 (97.4) | 25,222 (96.4) | 546,082 (94.1) | <0.001 |
| Drug history before index date | ||||
| Drugs known to cause TdPa | 15,053 (45.2) | 11,285 (43.1) | 170,607 (29.4) | <0.001 |
| Using >1 known TdP drug during same perioda | 6,591 (19.8) | 5,090 (19.4) | 59,723 (10.3) | <0.001 |
| Using drugs with a possible risk of TdPa | 12,791 (38.4) | 9,203 (35.2) | 163,758 (28.2) | <0.001 |
| Using drugs with a conditional risk of TdPa | 17,386 (52.2) | 12,115 (46.3) | 225,668 (38.9) | <0.001 |
| Calcium channel blockers | 12,035 (36.1) | 6,616 (25.3) | 122,716 (21.1) | <0.001 |
| Loop diuretics | 13,132 (39.4) | 11,299 (43.2) | 33,035 (5.7) | <0.001 |
| Thiazide diuretics | 7,436 (22.3) | 4,287 (16.4) | 121,825 (21.0) | 0.176 |
| Beta-blockers | 19,089 (57.3) | 17,450 (66.7) | 164,807 (28.4) | <0.001 |
| ACE inhibitors | 11,059 (33.2) | 10,831 (41.4) | 153,587 (26.5) | <0.001 |
| Angiotensin-receptor blockers | 8,461 (25.4) | 6,003 (22.9) | 101,394 (17.5) | <0.001 |
| Digoxin | 2,152 (6.5) | 3,232 (12.3) | 5,895 (1.0) | <0.001 |
| Aldosterone receptor antagonists | 2,201 (6.6) | 3,341 (12.8) | 7,469 (1.3) | <0.001 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Cardiac arrhythmiab | 25,712 (77.2) | 22,263 (85.1) | 169,381 (29.2) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 32,682 (98.1) | 25,613 (97.8) | 465,717 (80.3) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes | 17,941 (53.9) | 14,620 (55.9) | 194,153 (33.5) | <0.001 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 16,845 (50.6) | 13,560 (51.8) | 85,681 (14.8) | <0.001 |
| Coronary artery disease | 23,017 (69.1) | 21,960 (83.9) | 149,684 (25.8) | <0.001 |
| Myocardial infarction | 8,818 (26.5) | 11,694 (44.7) | 31,613 (5.4) | <0.001 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 29,288 (87.9) | 23,479 (89.7) | 432,773 (74.6) | <0.001 |
| Stroke | 8,978 (27.0) | 6,681 (25.5) | 60,540 (10.4) | <0.001 |
| COPD | 18,343 (55.1) | 13,710 (52.4) | 136,061 (23.4) | <0.001 |
Values are n (%).
ACE = angiotensin-converting enzyme; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CV = cardiovascular; ED = emergency department; HF = heart failure; HFpEF = heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF = heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; TdP = Torsades de pointes.
a
From the QT drugs list at www.crediblemeds.org.
b
For the outcome of ventricular tachycardia, the percentage of cardiac arrhythmia in HFpEF, HFrEF, and no HF were 69.8%, 78.8%, and 22.2%, respectively, due to different ICD-9 and ICD-10 codes for identifying cardiac arrhythmia (Supplemental Table 2).