Table 2.

Study outcomes and measurement approaches.

Outcomes and tool name and/or description			Mode of measurement		App		Study
General internet use
	Question, questionnaire, survey, or interview	Self-reported and unvalidated		iBobbly, uSafeHS, and YTH StreetConnect		[62,70, 74]
App engagement (downloads, frequency of use, features used, etc)
	Mobile device download data	Objectively measured		iBobbly		[74]
	Administrative dashboard analytics	Objectively measured		usSafeHS		[70]
	Question, questionnaire, survey, or interview	Self-reported and unvalidated		Circle of 6		[63]
	Question, questionnaire, survey, or interview	Self-reported and unvalidated		uSafeUS		[93]
Users’ experience (perception, feasibility, acceptability, or subjective value)
	Question, questionnaire, survey, or interview	Self-reported and unvalidated		BlueIce, Circle of 6, +FORT, Liad@s, iBobbly, myPlan, uSafeHS, uSafeUS, and YTH StreetConnect		[54,57, 59-63, 65,66, 70,74, 79,93]
Effectiveness
	Decisional conflict: Decisional Conflict Scale (modified)	Self-reported and validated		myPlan		[59]
	Safety behaviors: question, questionnaire, survey, or interview (number of safety behaviors tried on app)	Self-reported and validated		myPlan		[59]
	Bystander behavior: Banyard’s Bystander Scale	Self-reported and validated		Circle of 6		[63]
	Intention to help: 10-item modified Intention to Help Scale	Self-reported and validated		Circle of 6		[63]
	Sexism (hostile sexism and benevolent sexism): Ambivalent Sexism Inventory-Adolescents	Self-reported and validated		Liad@s		[57,64]
	Ambivalence toward men: Ambivalence toward Men Inventory	Self-reported and validated		Liad@s		[57]
	Distortions about romantic love: Myths, Fallacies, and Erroneous Beliefs about the Ideal of Romantic Love Scale	Self-reported and validated		Liad@s		[57]
	Sexual victimization: 11 item-Revised Sexual Experience Survey	Self-reported and validated		Circle of 6		[63]
	Intimate partner violence: Composite Abuse Scale	Self-reported and validated		myPlan		[59]
	Intimate partner violence: traumatic brain injury (questions or questionnaire)	Self-reported and unvalidated		Liad@s		[57]
	Intimate partner violence: digital abuse (questions or questionnaire)	Self-reported and unvalidated		myPlan		[59]
	Intimate partner violence: reproductive coercion (questions or questionnaire)	Self-reported and unvalidated		myPlan		[59]
	Substance use: frequency of alcohol use	Self-reported and unvalidated		Circle of 6 and myPlan		[59,63]
	Substance use: frequency of getting drunk	Self-reported and unvalidated		myPlan		[59]
	Substance use: frequency of binge drinking	Self-reported and unvalidated		myPlan		[59]
	Substance use: any marijuana use	Self-reported and unvalidated		myPlan		[59]
	Substance use: any drug use other than marijuana	Self-reported and unvalidated		myPlan		[59]
	Substance use: feeling of intoxication	Self-reported and unvalidated		Circle of 6		[63]
	Self-harm: clinical data	Objectively measured		BlueIce		[63]
	Self-harm: question, questionnaire, survey, and interview	Self-reported and unvalidated		BlueIce		[63]
	Bullying victimization: Multidimensional Peer-Victimization Scale	Self-reported and validated		+FORT		[60]
	Depression: Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale Revised	Self-reported and validated		myPlan		[59]
	Depression: Mood and Feelings Questionnaire	Self-reported and validated		BlueIce		[54,55]
	Depression: Patient Health Questionnaire 9	Self-reported and validated		iBobbly		[74,76]
	Anxiety: Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Score	Self-reported and validated		BlueIce		[54,55]
	Psychological distress: Kessler Psychological Distress Scale	Self-reported and validated		iBobbly		[74,76]
	Impulsivity: Barratt Impulsivity Scale	Self-reported and validated		iBobbly		[76]
	Behavior: Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire	Self-reported and validated		BlueIce		[54,55]
	Suicide risk: Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale	Self-reported and validated		myPlan		[59]
	Suicidal ideation: Depressive Symptom Inventory–Suicidality Subscale	Self-reported and validated		iBobbly		[74,76]