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. 2024 Nov 19;16:48. doi: 10.1186/s13089-024-00396-z

Fig. 14.

Fig. 14

The S wave arises during ventricular systole when the tricuspid annulus moves towards the cardiac apex, directing blood flow from the HV into the IVC and RA, thereby generating the antegrade S wave. IVC, inferior vena cava; RA, right atrium; HV, hepatic vein; RV, right ventricle; SVC, superior vena cava; PA, pulmonary artery