Table 3.

Comparison of different acoustic biofabrication technologies

	Precision of control	Tunability of structure	Throughput of fabrication
Bulk acoustic wave	1–2 cells wide84	Spheroid-like, vessel-like, membrane-like	~13,000 spheroids per operation64
Surface acoustic wave	Single-cell level25	Spheroid-like, vessel-like, membrane-like	~6000 spheroids per operation62
Acoustic microstreaming	30 μm68	Spheroid-like	<100 spheroids per operation67
Faraday wave	>100 μm86	Complex structure	96 constructs per operation88
Acoustic 3D bioprinting	~20 μm106	Arbitrary shape	~1000 spheroids per operation, ~1 h for printing a 10 × 10 × 10 mm3 construct106
Acoustic holography	Single-cell level95	Arbitrary shape	2–3 min to form a pattern94