Table 1.

Experimental environment and parameter settings.

Parameter item	Illustration
Lab environment	High-performance computing workstation with multi-core processors, high-speed memory, and professional GPUs
Flight altitude	about 600 m
Laser scanning frequency	200 kHz
Flight speed	150 km per hour
Software tools	point cloud preprocessing (PDAL), GIS analysis, and CAD design (ArcGIS and AutoCAD)