TABLE 2.
Summary of ferroptosis biomarkers.
| Name | Property | Alteration | Detection technique | Samples | Description | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lipid ROS | Oxidation product | Up | BODIPY 581/591 C11 probes | Cells | Detecting ROS formed from hydroperoxides, but not to hydroperoxides themselves | 2 , 346 |
| 4‐HNE | Oxidation product | Up | Antibody staining | Cells; ex vivo tissue | Aldehyde secondary products of lipid peroxidation | 347 , 348 |
| MDA | Oxidation product | Up | TBARSs assay; antibody staining | Cells; ex vivo tissue | Aldehyde secondary products of lipid peroxidation | 349 , 350 |
| TFRC | Protein | Increased plasma localization | 3F3‐FMA antibody and additional anti‐TFRC antibodies | Cells; ex vivo tissue | Selectively staining ferroptotic cells in tissue sections | 351 |
| PRDX3 | Protein | Hyperoxidized and translocated from mitochondria to plasma membranes | Antibody staining | Cells; ex vivo tissue | Identifying ferroptotic cells in tissue sections | 352 |
| PTGS2 | mRNA | Up | qRT‐PCR assay | Cells; ex vivo tissue | Upregulated in specific contexts | 40 , 347 |
| CHAC1 | mRNA | Up | qRT‐PCR assay | Cells; ex vivo tissue | Primarily upregulated by system xc− inhibitors, but not by other ferroptosis inducers | 56 |
| SLC7A11 | Protein | Up | Antibody assay | Cells; ex vivo tissue | Upregulated in specific contexts | 311 |
| ACSL4 | Protein | Up | Antibody assay | Cells; ex vivo tissue | Upregulated in specific contexts | 353 |
Abbreviations: 4‐HNE, 4‐hydroxynonenal; ACSL4, acyl‐CoA synthetase long chain family member; CHAC1, ChaC glutathione‐specific gamma‐glutamylcyclotransferase 1; MDA, malondialdehyde; PRDX3, peroxiredoxin 3; PTGS2, prostaglandin‐endoperoxide synthase 2; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SLC7A11, solute carrier family 7 member 11; TBARSs, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; TFRC, transferrin receptor; qRT‐PCR, quantitative real‐time PCR.