| neonatal outcomes | Non-GDM group (n = 1570) |
GDM group (n = 436) |
OR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | P-value Adjusted | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| prematurity | < 37 weeks | 992(63.2) | 268(61.5) | 0.93(0.68,1.27) | 0.94(0.69,1.29) | 0.712 |
| < 34 weeks | 166(10.6) | 58(13.3) | 1.30(0.83,2.04) | 1.39(0.87,2.21) | 0.164 | |
| sex(male) | 781(49.7) | 206(47.2) | 0.90(0.71,1.14) | 0.87(0.68,1.11) | 0.260 | |
| RDS | 113(7.2) | 38(8.7) | 1.23(0.76,1.99) | 1.31(0.80,2.14) | 0.289 | |
| neonatal asphyxia | 47(3.0) | 20(4.6) | 1.56(0.80,3.05) | 1.93(0.97,3.87) | 0.063 | |
| delivery weight discordance > 25% | 100(6.4) | 30(6.9) | 1.09(0.60,1.97) | 1.07(0.58,1.98) | 0.836 | |
| hypoglycemia | 57(3.6) | 17(3.9) | 1.08(0.60,1.94) | 1.04(0.58,1.88) | 0.887 | |
| necrotizing enterocolitis | 60(3.8) | 16(3.7) | 0.96(0.51,1.79) | 1.00(0.53,1.87) | 0.995 | |
| neonatal infection | 55(3.5) | 16(3.7) | 1.05(0.57,1.92) | 1.25(0.70,2.31) | 0.472 | |
| neonatal jaundice | 321(20.4) | 90(20.6) | 1.01(0.73,1.41) | 098(0.70,1.38) | 0.912 | |
| neonatal malformation | 20(1.3) | 10(2.3) | 1.82(0.75,4.44) | 1.86(0.75,4.58) | 0.178 | |
| respiratory system diseases | 269(17.1) | 84(19.3) | 1.15(0.83,1.61) | 1.20(0.86,1.69) | 0.281 | |
| hyperbilirubinemia | 55(3.5) | 22(5.0) | 1.46(0.85,2.54) | 1.63(0.94,2.85) | 0.084 | |
Generalized estimating equations (GEE)models adjusted for maternal age, pre-pregnancy BMI, early and middle pregnancy BMI gain, history of GDM, family history of type II diabetes, and geographic differences as covariates. *:P < 0.05