Table 1.
Variables used to create prognostic index in the three study cohorts (sepsis, infection, inflammatory illness)
| Group 1 sepsis | Group 2 infection | Group 2 versus 1 p value |
Group 3 inflammatory illness | Group 3 versus 1 p value |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of patients n (%) | 71,477 (59.3) | 49,125 (40.7) | 66,968 (48.4) | ||
| Type of hospital: university n (%) | 8088 (11.3) | 7117 (14.5) | < 0.001 | 17,063 (25.5) | < 0.001 |
| Type of hospital: non-university, teaching n (%) | 30,484 (42.6) | 21,192 (43.1) | 28,376 (42.4) | ||
| Type of hospital: non-teaching n (%) | 32,753 (45.8) | 20,768 (42.3) | 21,312 (31.8) | ||
| Type of hospital: unknown n (%) | 152 (0.2) | 48 (0.1) | 217 (0.3) | ||
| Calendar year of ICU admission: 2007 n (%) | 1787 (2.5) | 1322 (2.7) | < 0.001 | 1988 (3) | < 0.001 |
| Calendar year of ICU admission: 2008 n (%) | 3190 (4.5) | 2099 (4.3) | 2886 (4.3) | ||
| Calendar year of ICU admission: 2009 n (%) | 4699 (6.6) | 2952 (6) | 4368 (6.5) | ||
| Calendar year of ICU admission: 2010 n (%) | 5246 (7.3) | 3422 (7) | 4621 (6.9) | ||
| Calendar year of ICU admission: 2011 n (%) | 5566 (7.8) | 3627 (7.4) | 4906 (7.3) | ||
| Calendar year of ICU admission: 2012 n (%) | 5973 (8.4) | 3788 (7.7) | 5375 (8) | ||
| Calendar year of ICU admission: 2013 n (%) | 6244 (8.7) | 4203 (8.6) | 5779 (8.6) | ||
| Calendar year of ICU admission: 2014 n (%) | 6908 (9.7) | 4208 (8.6) | 6125 (9.1) | ||
| Calendar year of ICU admission: 2015 n (%) | 6858 (9.6) | 4589 (9.3) | 6130 (9.2) | ||
| Calendar year of ICU admission: 2016 n (%) | 6473 (9.1) | 5129 (10.4) | 6469 (9.7) | ||
| Calendar year of ICU admission: 2017 n (%) | 6139 (8.6) | 4788 (9.7) | 6022 (9) | ||
| Calendar year of ICU admission: 2018 n (%) | 6429 (9) | 4771 (9.7) | 6075 (9.1) | ||
| Calendar year of ICU admission: 2019 n (%) | 5965 (8.3) | 4227 (8.6) | 6224 (9.3) | ||
| BMI: < 18.5 n (%) kg/m2 | 2475 (3.5) | 2291 (4.7) | < 0.001 | 1473 (2.2) | < 0.001 |
| BMI: 18.5–25 n (%) kg/m2 | 27,829 (38.9) | 20,378 (41.5) | 28,577 (42.7) | ||
| BMI: 25–30 n (%) kg/m2 | 22,070 (30.9) | 14,635 (29.8) | 22,000 (32.9) | ||
| BMI: 30–35 n (%) kg/m2 | 8948 (12.5) | 5515 (11.2) | 6780 (10.1) | ||
| BMI: 35–40 n (%) kg/m2 | 3340 (4.7) | 2016 (4.1) | 2054 (3.1) | ||
| BMI: > 40 n (%) kg/m2 | 2529 (3.5) | 1517 (3.1) | 1091 (1.6) | ||
| BMI: unknown n (%) kg/m2 | 4286 (6) | 2773 (5.6) | 4993 (7.5) | ||
| BMI: mean (SD) kg/m2 | 26.74 (5.98) | 26.23 (5.89) | 0 | 26.10 (4.86) | 0 |
| BMI: median (IQR) kg/m2 | 25.712 (22.918–29.385) | 25.209 (22.498–28.732) | 25.249 (23.148–28.028) | ||
| Admission type: 1. Medical n (%) | 55,534 (77.7) | 35,650 (72.6) | < 0.001 | 54,857 (81.9) | < 0.001 |
| Admission type: 2. Surgery urgent n (%) | 12,747 (17.8) | 10,478 (21.3) | 8612 (12.9) | ||
| Admission type: 3.Surgery elective n (%) | 3196 (4.5) | 2997 (6.1) | 3499 (5.2) | ||
| APACHE III APS: quintile < 20% n (%) | 10,487 (14.7) | 12,587 (25.6) | < 0.001 | 23,715 (35.4) | < 0.001 |
| APACHE III APS: quintile 20–40% n (%) | 12,283 (17.2) | 11,144 (22.7) | 8037 (12) | ||
| APACHE III APS: quintile 40–60% n (%) | 14,939 (20.9) | 10,847 (22.1) | 6094 (9.1) | ||
| APACHE III APS: quintile 60–80% n (%) | 15,670 (21.9) | 8368 (17) | 6849 (10.2) | ||
| APACHE III APS: quintile 80–100% n (%) | 18,098 (25.3) | 6179 (12.6) | 22,273 (33.3) | ||
| APACHE III APS: Mean (SD) | 66.76 (29.88) | 54.89 (24.5) | 0 | 63.89 (39.17) | 0 |
| APACHE III APS: Median (IQR) | 62 (46–82) | 51 (38–67) | 54 (31–95) | ||
| CPR: yes n (%) | 1612 (2.3) | 1012 (2.1) | 0.0236 | 26,712 (39.9) | < 0.001 |
| Gastro-intestinal bleeding: yes n (%) | 863 (1.2) | 444 (0.9) | < 0.001 | 1040 (1.6) | < 0.001 |
| Mechanical ventilation: yes n (%) | 35,701 (49.9) | 30,173 (61.4) | < 0.001 | 40,919 (61.1) | < 0.001 |
| Acute renal failure: yes n (%) | 23,047 (32.2) | 6986 (14.2) | < 0.001 | 6622 (9.9) | < 0.001 |
| Vaso-active drugs: yes n (%) | 48,683 (68.1) | 21,637 (44) | < 0.001 | 31,959 (47.7) | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes: yes n (%) | 16,137 (22.6) | 8969 (18.3) | < 0.001 | 7994 (11.9) | < 0.001 |
| Immuno-deficiency: yes n (%) | 12,094 (16.9) | 7600 (15.5) | < 0.001 | 2289 (3.4) | < 0.001 |
| Renal insufficiency: yes n (%) | 7917 (11.1) | 3723 (7.6) | < 0.001 | 2980 (4.4) | < 0.001 |
| Chronic respiratory insufficiency: yes n (%) | 13,464 (18.8) | 14,714 (30) | < 0.001 | 7042 (10.5) | < 0.001 |
| Malignancy: yes n (%) | 7940 (11.1) | 4361 (8.9) | < 0.001 | 1534 (2.3) | < 0.001 |
| Cardiovascular insufficiency: yes n (%) | 3205 (4.5) | 1870 (3.8) | < 0.001 | 3152 (4.7) | 0.0493 |
| Cirrhosis: yes n (%) | 1706 (2.4) | 686 (1.4) | < 0.001 | 1329 (2) | < 0.001 |
| 12,094 (16.9) | |||||
| Variables included in matching | |||||
| Age: quintile < 20% n (%) | 13,803 (19.3) | 11,268 (22.9) | < 0.001 | 24,275 (36.2) | < 0.001 |
| Age: quintile 20–40% n (%) | 14,684 (20.5) | 10,717 (21.8) | 12,728 (19) | ||
| Age: quintile 40–60% n (%) | 12,607 (17.6) | 8507 (17.3) | 8949 (13.4) | ||
| Age: quintile 60–80% n (%) | 15,479 (21.7) | 9769 (19.9) | 9796 (14.6) | ||
| Age: quintile 80–100% n (%) | 14,904 (20.9) | 8864 (18) | 11,220 (16.8) | ||
| Age: mean (SD) years | 66.64 (14.35) | 64.91 (15.09) | 0 | 60.03 (18.72) | 0 |
| Age: median (IQR) years | 69 (59–77) | 67 (57–76) | 63 (48–74) | ||
| Sex: female n (%) | 30,871 (43.2) | 20,147 (41) | < 0.001 | 21,785 (32.5) | < 0.001 |
| Sex: male n (%) | 40,606 (56.8) | 28,978 (59) | 45,183 (67.5) | ||
| LOS ICU: quintile < 33% n (%) | 23,817 (33.3) | 14,761 (30) | < 0.001 | 27,734 (41.4) | < 0.001 |
| LOS ICU: quintile 33–66% n (%) | 23,834 (33.3) | 16,205 (33) | 22,555 (33.7) | ||
| LOS ICU: quintile > 66% n (%) | 23,826 (33.3) | 18,159 (37) | 16,679 (24.9) | ||
| LOS ICU: mean (SD) days | 6.36 (10.5) | 6.59 (10.52) | 0 | 4.63 (8.36) | 0 |
| LOS ICU: median (IQR) days | 2.781 (1.212–6.894) | 3.133 (1.399–7.475) | 2.107 (0.896–4.872) |
BMI, body mass index; APS, acute physiological score; LOS, length of stay; ICU, intensive care unit