Table 1.

Characteristics of participants

Characteristic	Cotinine (N = 8829)
	No/Minimal exposure, N = 4272ab	Low exposure, N = 2246ab	High exposure, N = 2311ab	P Valuec
Age, years	48 [47, 49]	44 [43, 45]	41 [40, 42]	< 0.001
BMI (kg/m2)	28.0 [28]	28.8 [29]	27.5 [27, 28]	< 0.001
Sex, %				< 0.001
Male	44 [42, 45]	55 [52, 57]	63 [61, 66]
Female	56 [55, 58]	45 [43, 48]	37 [34, 39]
Race, %				< 0.001
Other/multiracial	17 [15, 19]	16 [14, 19]	13 [11, 16]
Non-Hispanic black	6.3 [5.2, 7.5]	13 [11, 15]	12 [10, 14]
Non-Hispanic white	76 [74, 79]	71 [68, 74]	75 [72, 78]
Alcohol use, %				< 0.001
Non drinker	13 [11, 16]	9.3 [7.8, 11]	2.2 [1.6, 3.0]
Drinker	87 [84, 89]	91 [89, 92]	98 [97, 98]
Smoke status, %				< 0.001
Never	70 [68, 72]	64 [61, 66]	11 [10, 13]
Former	29 [27, 32]	33 [31, 36]	12 [11, 14]
Now	0.4 [0.21, 0.58]	2.9 [2.2, 3.9]	76 [74, 79]
Education attainment, %				< 0.001
High school or below	26 [24, 29]	40 [37, 43]	55 [52, 58]
College graduate or above	74 [71, 76]	60 [57, 63]	45 [42, 48]
Income level, %				< 0.001
Poor	6.7 [5.6, 8.1]	12 [9.9, 13]	18 [16, 20]
Not poor	93 [92, 94]	88 [87, 90]	82 [80, 84]
Cancer, %	9.6 [8.6, 11]	6.3 [5.2, 7.6]	5.3 [4.5, 6.1]	< 0.001
Heart disease, %	6.6 [5.9, 7.4]	7.5 [6.3, 9.0]	6.8 [5.7, 8.1]	0.4
Diabetes, %	7.3 [6.4, 8.3]	6.1 [5.1, 7.3]	5.5 [4.6, 6.6]	0.032
Physical activity (MET × min/week)	2,299 [2,067, 2,531]	2,570 [2,288, 2,851]	3,311 [2,920, 3,702]	0.002

^aMean; %

^bCI Confidence Interval

^cWilcoxon rank-sum test for complex survey samples; chi-squared test with Rao & Scott's second-order correction