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. 2024 Nov 20;22:723. doi: 10.1186/s12951-024-03009-y

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — CT-sEVs inhibited the proliferation and migration and angiogenic activities in vitro. (A) HaCaT, HSFs and HMEC-1 exhibited a much weaker proliferative ability when exposed to CT-sEVs, as tested by CCK-8 analysis, n = 4 per group. (B) CT-sEVs inhibited HMEC-1 migration as analyzed by scratch wound assay. Scale bar: 250 μm. (C) Quantitative analysis of the migration rates in (B), n = 4 per group. (D) The migratory ability of HMEC-1 receiving different treatments was further confirmed by the transwell assay. Scale bar: 50 μm. (E) Quantitative analysis of the migrated cells in (D), n = 4 per group. (F) Representative images of HMEC-1 tube formation. Scale bar: 100 μm. (G and H) Quantification of the total tube length and total branching points, n = 4 per group. (I and J) CT-sEVs incubation reduced the protein levels of CD31, VEGF, p-ERK and p-AKT in HEMC-1. (K and L) Densitometric quantification of the relative band intensity in (J and L), n = 4 per group. Two-group comparison was performed using unpaired, two tailed student’s t-test. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001