Table 2.
Discriminatory validity.
| Construct research | Item | Unstd | S.E. | z-value | P | std. | CR | AVE | SMC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SDO | It might be a good thing that some people are at the top and others are at the bottom. | 1 | 0.871 | 0.912 | 0.776 | 0.759 | |||
| If some people were content with their place, we would have fewer problems. | 1.027 | 0.028 | 36.409 | *** | 0.904 | 0.817 | |||
| Sometimes, certain groups must be kept in their place. | 1.028 | 0.030 | 34.582 | *** | 0.867 | 0.752 | |||
| OD | It is easier to connect with others through CTs than talking in person. | 1.217 | 0.056 | 21.579 | *** | 0.776 | 0.894 | 0.629 | 0.602 |
| The Internet is anonymous so it is easier for me to express my true feelings or thoughts. | 1.269 | 0.055 | 23.150 | *** | 0.842 | 0.709 | |||
| It is easier to write things online that would be hard to say in real life because you do not see the other’s face. | 1.224 | 0.054 | 22.562 | *** | 0.817 | 0.667 | |||
| It is easier to communicate online because you can reply anytime you like. | 1.222 | 0.053 | 22.895 | *** | 0.831 | 0.691 | |||
| I have an image of the other person in my head when I read their e-mail or messages online. | 1 | 0.688 | 0.473 | ||||||
| MD | Special tactics to win a game are justifiable. | 1 | 0.701 | 0.840 | 0.573 | 0.491 | |||
| Relative to actual illegal activities, bullying in games is trivial. | 1.063 | 0.046 | 22.864 | *** | 0.838 | 0.702 | |||
| Mocking others in a game is insignificant since it does not result in actual harm. | 1.068 | 0.046 | 23.154 | *** | 0.855 | 0.731 | |||
| If the game administrators fail to act against bullying, blaming players for bullying should not be considered justified. | 0.922 | 0.054 | 17.081 | *** | 0.606 | 0.367 | |||
| AIG | I have verbally harassed others openly in games. | 1 | 0.785 | 0.916 | 0.648 | 0.616 | |||
| I have insulted opponents in games due to their skill levels. | 1.178 | 0.041 | 28.682 | *** | 0.844 | 0.712 | |||
| I have mocked others for their lower rank or level in games. | 1.025 | 0.038 | 27.148 | *** | 0.808 | 0.653 | |||
| I have tormented others in games. | 1.217 | 0.041 | 29.375 | *** | 0.860 | 0.740 | |||
| I have used specific game tactics to humiliate others. | 1.214 | 0.043 | 28.459 | *** | 0.839 | 0.704 | |||
| I have intentionally underperformed or played carelessly in games. | 0.885 | 0.040 | 21.923 | 0.679 | 0.461 |
SDO, social dominance orientation; OD, online disinhibition; MD, moral disengagement; AIG, aggression in gaming. ***p < 0.001.