Table 2.

Patients potentially at risk of complications derived from the use of probiotics [116].

Immunocompromised (including severely malnourished and oncology patients)
Premature infants (*)
Neonates with severe pathology
Cardiopathies (valvular alterations and their replacement, history of endocarditis)
Pregnant women (*)
Patients in ICU (severe pathologies and central catheter carriers)
Patients undergoing surgery (*)
Severe risk of intestinal translocation (acute abdomen, intestinal fistula, neutropenia or severe risk of doing so due to chemotherapy or radiotherapy)
Administration of probiotics through jejunostomy
Concomitant administration of broad-spectrum antibiotics to which they are resistant (*) (Lactobacilli often have natural resistance to vancomycin)
Probiotics with high intestinal mucosal binding capacity or known pathogenicity

(*) Relative risk. In general, their use is considered safe in the following groups.