Table 1.

Baseline characteristics of the study population; data are presented as mean ± SD or N (%).

		Developed retinopathy	Did not develop retinopathy	p-value
Age		62.67 ± 10.02	61.39 ± 10.06	0.058
Duration of diabetes		19.95 ± 7.49	15.29 ± 6.98	<0.001
Sex	Male	156 (53.06%)	417 (49%)	0.230
	Female	138 (46.94%)	434 (51%)
Smoking	Yes	15 (5.43%)	25 (3.16%)	0.086
	No	261 (94.57%)	767 (96.84%)
Insulin use	Yes	281 (95.57%)	761 (89.42%)	0.001
	No	13 (4.43%)	90 (10.58%)
History of hypertension	Yes	155 (52.72%)	404 (47.58%)	0.129
	No	139 (47.28%)	445 (52.42%)
Weight		76.81 ± 16.45	78.03 ± 15.26	0.247
Waist circumference		99.54 ± 8.42	99.43 ± 10.06	0.863
Systolic blood pressure		133.48 ± 9.21	131.41 ± 14.17	0.019
Diastolic blood pressure		75.94 ± 4.14	76.17 ± 5.50	0.459
FBS	Total	151.52 ± 30.66	148.23 ± 28.32	0.093
	≤130	119.32 ± 11.13	117.78 ± 9.47	0.271
	≥130	160.66 ± 28.18	159.31 ± 24.52	0.494
2hPP	Total	209.13 ± 40.44	199.99 ± 38.94	0.001
	≤180	164.66 ± 12.54	156.39 ± 17.14	<0.001
	≥180	226.33 ± 33.83	219.49 ± 28.84	0.009
HbA1c	Total	7.85 ± 0.82	7.54 ± 0.83	<0.001
	≤7.5	7.04 ± 0.39	6.90 ± 0.46	0.003
	≥7.5	8.30 ± 0.62	8.21 ± 0.55	0.069
Total cholesterol		159.55 ± 30.08	157.41 ± 22.20	0.263
HDL		44.81 ± 8.24	45.12 ± 7.97	0.054
LDL		87.23 ± 19.85	86.22 ± 16.28	0.433
TG		144.45 ± 60.56	146.25 ± 52.70	0.627
Creatinine		1.16 ± 0.24	1.09 ± 0.22	<0.001
Uric acid		5.33 ± 1.17	5.21 ± 1.48	0.210
Albuminuria		103.65 ± 172.73	61.71 ± 72.91	<0.001
BMI		29.54 ± 6.49	29.35 ± 6.25	0.650

FBS, fasting blood sugar; 2hPP, 2-h post-prandial blood glucose level; HbA1C, hemoglobin A1c; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; TG, triglyceride; BMI, body mass index.