. 2024 Nov 7;15:1470879. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1470879

TABLE 1.

Summary of preclinical studies evaluating the effects of SCU in different diseases.

Model			Main Target	Disease	Tissue	Reference
Male SD rats	MCAO-induced brain damage	In vivo	PARP↓, NAD↓	I/R injury	Brain	Zhang et al. (2009)
Female SD rats	—	In vivo	GAP43↑, PTN↓, JAK2↓, STAT↓	I/R injury	Brain	Niu et al. (2021)
Primary cortical neurons		In vitro
SD rats	MCAO-induced brain damage	In vivo	p65↓, p38↓, ROS↓, MDA↓, SOD↑, CAT↑	I/R injury	Brain	Zhang et al. (2022f)
			GSH-Px↑, GSH↑, IL-1↓, IL-6↓, TNF-α↓
Rats	MCAO-induced brain damage	In vivo	SOD↑, CAT↑, GSH↑, ROS↓	I/R injury	Brain	Guo et al. (2011a)
Rat cortical neurons		In vitro
C57BL/6N mice	MCAO-induced brain damage	In vivo	NOX1↓, NOX2↓, NOX4↓	I/R injury	Brain	Deng et al. (2022)
AR^−/− mice
Male SD rats	MCAO-induced brain damage	In vivo	eNOS↑, VEGF↓, bFGF↓, iNOS↓	I/R injury	Brain	Hu et al. (2005)
Male SD rats	MCAO-induced brain damage	In vivo and in vitro	NOX2↓, 8-OHdG↓, 4-HNE↓, 3-NT↓			Sun et al. (2018c)
Primary astrocytes			caspase-3↓, NeuN↓, connexin 43↑
Wistar rat, Neuronal cells	Neuron damage induced by hydrogen peroxide	In vitro	cNOS↓, NO↑	Neuron damage	Brain	Liu et al. (2005)
SD rats	MCAO-induced brain damage	In vivo	PKG↑	Cerebral ischemia	Brain	Chen et al. (2021b)
Rat brain microvascular	—	In vitro	NO↑, CD63↑, claudin 5↑, occludin↑, ZO1↑, LDH↓, ROS↓	Cerebral ischemia	Brain	Zhong et al. (2019)
Endothelial cells
Rats	MCAO-induced brain damage	In vivo	XOD↓, ALT↓, AST↓, MDA↓	I/R injury	Brain/Liver	Yang et al. (2003)
BV-2 cells, TNC1 astrocytes	MCAO-induced brain damage	In vitro	GFAP↑, Notch-1↑, NICD↑, HES-1↑, TNF-α↑, IL-1β↑, iNOS↑	Cerebral ischemia	Brain	Fang et al. (2015)
Male SD rats, BV-2 cells	MCAO-induced brain damage	In vivo and in vitro	NF-κB↓, Notch-1↓, NICD↓, RBP-JK↓, Hes-1↓ MCP-1↓	Cerebral ischemia	Brain	Yuan et al. (2015)
Male SD rats	MCAO-induced brain damage	In vivo and in vitro	p-p38↓, p-JNK↓, p-ERK1/2↑, iNOS↓, TNF-α↓, IL-1β↓	Cerebral ischemia	Brain	Chen et al. (2020)
BV-2 cells	LPS induced BV-2 cells		p-JNK↓, p-p38 MAPKs↓
SD rats	MCAO-induced brain damage	In vivo	ACE↓, AT1R↓, Ang II↓, TNF-α↓, IL-6↓, IL-1β ↓	Cerebral ischemia	Brain	Wang et al. (2016a)
Male Wistar rats	BCCAO-induced brain damage	In vivo	Glu↓, Asp↓, Gly↓, GABA↓, Tau↓, Ca ²⁺-ATPase↑	Cerebral ischemia	Brain	Tang et al. (2014)
			Na ⁺, K ⁺-ATPase↑
SD rats	—	In vitro	p-VASP↑	Hypoxia	Coronary artery	Chen et al. (2015)
SD rats,	Rats with cerebral I/R treatment	In vivo	P-VASP↑, PKG↑	Hypoxia	Brai	Du et al. (2015)
HBMECs		In vitro
Male SD rats, BV-2 cell	MCAO-induced brain damage	In vivo and in vitro	cyclin B1↑, cyclin B1↑, cyclin D1↑, NT-3↑	Cerebral ischemia	Brain	Fang et al. (2016)
			IGF-1↑, AP-2↑, PSD-95↑
Male SD rats	—	In vivo	eNOS↑, p-Erk5↑, KLF2↑	Subarachnoid hemorrhage	Brain	Li et al. (2016)
Male SD rats	LPS-induced behavioral deficits	In vivo	ROS↓NLRP3, caspase-1, IL-1β↓	Depression	Brain	Bian et al. (2020)
Wistar rats	—	In vivo	IL-1β↓, IL-6↓, TNF-α↓, SOD↑, MAO↓	Depression	Brain	Guo et al. (2013)
Male C57BL/6 mice	Depression-like behaviors	In vivo	TNFα↓, IL-1β↓, IL-6↓, iNOS↓, IL-4↑, BDNF↑	Depression	Brain	Lu et al. (2021)
Primary astrocytes	induced by LPS	In vitro
Male C57BL/6 mice	—	In vivo	GABAA Rα1↓, GABAAγ2↓, mEPSC↓	Anxiety disorders	Brain	Guo et al. (2021)
MCF-7 cells	—	In vitro	Aggregation of beta-amyloid↓	Alzheimer's disease	Brain	Zhu et al. (2009)
Male APPswe/PS1dE9 mice	—	In vivo and in vitro	Aβ aggregation↑, soluble Aβ oligomers↓, Aβ42↓, Aβ40↓	Alzheimer's disease	Brain	Zhang et al. (2020)
C57BL/6 mice
BV-2 cells	—	In vitro	NO↓, TNFα↓, IL-1β↓, ROS↓, iNOS↓, TNFα↓, IL-1β↓	Alzheimer's disease	Brain	Lu et al. (2021)
SH-SY5Y cells			NF-κB↓, JNK↓, p38↓, IFN-γ↓, STAT1α↓
HT22 cell	—	In vivo and in vitro	Lactate dehydrogenase↓, lactate dehydrogenase↓, ROS↓, Aβ1‑42↑	Alzheimer's disease	Brain	Chiba et al. (2012)
Balb/c male mice			p-Tau↓, ROS↓, Bcl-2↑, Bcl-xL↑, Bax↓, cleaved caspase-3↓
APP/PS1 transgenic mice	—	In vivo and in vitro	Aβ plaque↓, TNF-α↓, IL-6↓	Alzheimer's disease	Brain	Zeng et al. (2018)
WT mice, H-SY5Y cell line
Male SD rats	Permanent bilateral	In vivo	Aβ (1-40) ↓, Aβ (1–42) ↓, Iba1↓	Vascular dementia	Brain	Shin et al. (2018)
	Common carotid artery occlusion			Alzheimer's disease
Male Wistar rats		In vivo	nAChR↑, nAChR α4↑, α7↑	Cognitive disorder	Brain	Guo et al. (2011b)
APP/PS1 transgenic mice	—	In vivo	SCFAs, IL-1β↓	Alzheimer's disease	Brain	Zhang et al., (2022c)
BALB/cmale mice	—	In vivo	MDA↓, SOD↑, IL-1β↓, IL-6↓, HO-1↓, NQO1↑, Nrf2↓	Alcohol induced brain injury	Brain	Zhang et al. (2022d)
BV-2 cells	—	In vitro	NF-κB-p65↓, TNF-α↓, IL-1β↓, IL-6↓, NO↓, TNF-α↓, IL-1β↓	neuroinflammation	Brain	You et al. (2018)
BV-2 cells	—	In vitro	IL-6↓, iNOS↓, IκB↓, IKKβ↓, p38↓, JNK↓, AKT↓	neuroinflammation	Brain	You et al. (2018)
Male albino Wistar rats	—	In vivo	MDA↓, SOD↑, GSH↑, AChE↓, NF-κB↓, TNFα↓, IL-6↓	Cognitive disorder	Brain	Baluchnejadmojarad et al. (2018)
Male albino Wistar rats	—	In vivo	Nrf2↑, beclin-1↓, LC3 II↓, mTOR↓, P62↓	Cognitive disorder	Brain	Baluchnejadmojarad et al. (2018)
Male C57BL/6 mice	—	In vivo and in vitro	nestin↑, Tuj-1↑, ERK1/2↑	Cognitive disorder	Brain	Wang et al. (2017)
Neural stem cells
Male Wistar albino rats	Metanil yellow induced	In vivo	GFAP↓, cleaved caspase-3↓, MDA↓, SOD↑, GSH↑	Gliosis	Brain	Tawfeek et al. (2021)
Male SD rats	—	In vivo	TLR4↓, NF- κ B p65↓, TNF- α↓, IL-1 β↓, IL-18↓	Hypertension	Brain	Chen et al. (2013)
Male SD rats	—	In vivo	Bax↓, cleaved-caspase-3 p17↓, Mcl1↑	Hypertension	Brain	Chen et al. (2013)
Male SD rats	—	In vivo	CTn-T↓, CTn-I↓, AST↓, LDH↓, SOD↑, CAT↑GSH↑	Myocardial infarction	Heart	Huang et al. (2018)
			Caspase3↓, Caspase9↓, cytochrome C↓, NGAL↓, NFκB↓, IL-1β↓
			P53↓, IL-6↓, Bcl2↑, MDA↓, iNOS↓, Bax↓
Male Wistar rats	—	In vivo	FN1↓, TGFβ1↓, CFs↓, p38-MAPK↓, ERK1/2↓	Cardiac fibrosis	Heart	Pan et al. (2011)
Male SD rats	—	In vivo	LVWI↓, RVWI↓, type I and type III collagen↓, MVD↑, CD31↑	Cardiac fibrosis	Heart	Zhou et al. (2014)
Male SD rats	—	In vivo	α-sma ↓, Jagged1↑, Notch 1↑, Hes1↑	Cardiac fibrosis	Heart	Zhou et al. (2014)
C57BL/6 mice	—	In vitro and in vivo	CaMKII↓, β-MHC↑, ANP↑	Cardiac hypertrophy	Heart	Pan et al. (2010)
Cardiac myocytes
SD rats, H9c2 cells	—	In vitro and in vivo	NLRP3↓, mTORC1↓, p-Akt↑, Casp-1↓, IL-1β↓	Myocardial I/R injury	Heart	Xu et al. (2020)
Rats, endothelial cell	—	In vitro and in vivo	P-JAK↓, P-STAT3↓	Myocardial I/R injury	Heart	Lin et al. (2014)
HCMECs	—	In vitro	JAK2↓, p-JAK2↓, STAT3↓, p-STAT3↓	Myocardial ischemia	Heart	Chen et al. (2019)
H9c2 cells	—	In vitro	JAK/STAT3↑, Bcl2↑, VEGF↑, MMP2↑, MMP9↑, TNFα↓	Myocardial I/R injury	Heart	Wang et al. (2016b)
			IL-8↓, CK ↓, NO↑, ROS↓, SOD ↑, MDA ↓, STAT3↑, Bcl2↑
			VEGF↑, MMP2↑, MMP9↑, IL-1β↓, IL-6↓
HCMECs	—	In vitro	EIF6↓, HSPD1↑, CCT6A↑	Anoxia	Heart	Shi et al. (2015)
HCMECs, SD rats	MIR model	In vitro and in vivo	PKG-I↑, PKG-Iα↑	Myocardial I/R injury	Heart	Li et al. (2015)
Male SD rats	LPS induced lung injury	In vivo	ROS↓, SOD↓, IL-1β↑, IL−18↑, IL−6↑, IL−4↑, IL−10↑, MDA↓	Lung injury	Lung	Fan et al. (2022)
Mice	Injected with a dose of LPS	In vivo	TNF-α↓, iNOS↓, c-Fos↓, iNOS↓, NF-kappaB↓, IkBa↓, GSH↑	Lung injury	Lung	Tan et al.(2010)
Male albino rats	Rat Model of Bilateral	In vivo	iNOS↑, Bax↑, Bcl2↓, COX2↓	Posterior limb I/R injury	Lung	Ibrahim et al. (2019)
	Hind Limb I/R
HBE-16 cell		In vitro	MUC5AC↓, p-PKC↓, ERK1/2↓	Airway mucus secretion	Lung	Jiang et al. (2011b)
HBE-16 cell, Male SD rats		In vivo and in vitro	MUC5AC↓, PKC↓, ERK1/2↓	Airway mucus secretion	Lung	Jiang et al. (2011a)
Male BALB/c mice	BLM-induced	In vivo and in vitro	p-p65/p65 ratio↓, IκBα↓NLRP3↓, caspase-1↓, caspase-11↓, IL-1β↓	Pulmonary fibrosis	Lung	Peng et al. (2020)
A549 cell, RLE-6TN cell			IL-18↓, fibronectin↓, vimentin↓, N-cadherin↓, MMP-2↓, MMP-9↓
HK-2 cells, Wistar rats	—	In vitro and in vivo	HO-1↑, SCr↓, BUN↓, KIM-1↓, ROS↓	I/R injury	kidney	Dai et al. (2022)
HK-2 cells	—	In vitro	NGAL↓, Kim-1↓, cystatin C↓, IL-18↓, NLRP3↓, CCN1↑	Hyperuricemia	kidney	Li et al. (2020a)
Male C57BL/6 mice		In vivo
Male C57BL/6 mice	—	In vivo	BUN↑, CRE↑, TNF-α↓, IL-6↓, Cleaved caspase-3↓	Chemotherapy toxicity	kidney	Sun et al. (2019)
			Cleaved PARP↓, p53↓, Bax/Bcl-2↓, LC3-II/LC3-I↑, Atg7↑
			p62↓JNK↓, ERK↓, p38↓, stat3↓
HepG2 cells	Acid-treated HepG2 cells	In vivo	XBP1↓, SREBP-1c↓, IRE1α↓	NAFLD	Liver	Zhang et al. (2022e)
C57/BL6 mice	HFD-induced	In vitro
HepG2 cells	—	In vitro	CD36↓, Fasn↓, ACC↓, AKT↑, mTOR↓, n-SREBP-1c↓	Hepatocyte lipid metabolism	Liver	Han and Wang (2018)
Male C57BL/6 mice		In vivo
Mice	HFD-induced	In vivo and in vitro	SREBP-1c↓, mTOR↓	Hepatocyte lipid metabolism	Liver	Luan et al. (2020)
HepG2 cells	PA-treated HepG2 cells
Male C57BL/6 mice	HFD induced mice	In vivo and in vitro	PPARγ↑, PGC-1α↑, Nrf2↑, HO-1↑, GST↑, NQO1↑	NAFLD	Liver	Zhang et al. (2018)
HepG2 cells	Oleic acid induced cells		NF-κB↓, Keap1↓
SD rats	HFD-induced	In vivo	Nrf2, HO-1, and PI3K, and AKT ↑HO-1, NQO1, and Nrf2↑	NAFLD	Liver	Fan et al. (2017)
	subjected to chronic stress
BALB/c mice	CCl4-induced liver injury	In vivo	AST↓, ALT↓, TBIL↓, IL-1β↓, TNF-α↓, CYP2E1↓, IκBα/NF-κB↓	Hepatotoxicity	Liver	Miao et al. (2021)
S180 tumor-bearing mic	DB-induced liver injury	In vivo	MPO↑, IκB↓, NF-κB p65↓, TNF-α↓, IL-6↓, IFN-γ↓, MDA↓, GPx↑	Hepatotoxicity	Liver	Niu et al. (2015)
Male ICR mice	Induced by concanavalin A	In vivo	ALT↓, AST↓, TNF-α↓, iNOS↓, c-Fos↓, c-Jun↓, iNOS↓, IkappaB↑	Hepatitis autoimmune	Liver	Tan et al. (2007)
Male Wistar rats	Se-treated rats	In vivo	MDA↑, GSH-Px↑, TR↑	Hepatotoxicity	Liver	Eltayeb et al. (2004)
HL-7702	Under hypoxic condition	In vitro	ROS↓, MDA↓, SOD↑, bcl-2↑, Keap1↓ Nrf2↑, HO-1↑, NQO1↑, Nrf2↓	I/R injury	Liver	Wu and Jia (2019)
Chondrocytes	—	In vitro	MMP1↓, MMP13↓, ADAMTS-5↓, Wnt3a↓, Frizzled7↓	Osteoarthritis	Bones and joints	Liu et al. (2020)
C57BL/6 male mice		In vivo	Collagen II↑, Aggrecan↑
C57BL/6 mice	—	In vivo and in vitro	MMP-13↓, ADAMTS-5↓, COX-2↓, iNOS↓, IL-6↓,	Osteoarthritis	Bones and joints	Luo et al. (2020)
Chondrocytes			TNF-α↓, PGE2↓, IL-1β↓, NF-κB↑, Nrf2↑
BL6/C57 male mice	—	In vivo and in vitro	TNF-α↓, IL-1β↓, iNOS↓, MMP13↓, ADAMTS-5↓	Osteoarthritis	Bones and joints	Wang et al. (2019)
Chondrocyte cells			COX-2↓, IL-6↓, NO↓
SW1353 cells	—	In vitro	IL-6↓, AKT↓, mTOR↓, p-mTOR↓, CH25H↓	Osteoarthritis	Bones and joints	Ju et al. (2021)
			CYP7B1↓, ABCA1↑, APOA-1↑
Human Enucleus	—	In vivo and in vitro	ROS↓, NF-κB↓, MAPK↓, TNF-α↓, NLRP3↓	Intervertebral	Bones and joints	Wang et al. (2022b)
Pulposus Cells				disc degeneration
Male SD rats
SD rats	—	In vivo and in vitro	ATG5↑, Rab8a↑, PI3K↑, PTEN↑, Akt↑	Intervertebral	Bones and joints	Hu et al. (2022)
Nucleus pulposus cells				disc degeneration
Male DBA/1J mice	collagen‑induced arthritis	In vivo	IL‑1β↓, IL‑6↓, TNF‑α↓, Caspase‑3/-9↓Bax/Bcl‑2↓TLR4↓NF‑κB↓	Arthritis	Bones and joints	Zhang et al., (2017)
Raw264.7 cell line	—	In vivo and in vitro	RANKL↓, MAPK↓, NF-κB↓, JNK1/2↓, p38↓, ERK1/2↓, IκBα↓	Arthritis	Bones and joints	Zhao et al. (2016)
C57BL/6 male mice
Osteoblasts female SD rats	—	In vivo and in vitro	ALP secretion↑, intracellular calcium ion influx↑	Osteoporosis	Bones and joints	Wang et al. (2018)
			calcium deposition↑, CXCR4↑, p65↑
3T3-L1 cells		In vitro	PPARγ↓ C/EBPα↓	Obesity	Metabolic disease	Lu et al. (2013)
db/db mice db/m⁺ mice	—	In vivo	Nrf2↑, HO-1↑, IL-1β↓, IL-2↓, IL- 4↑	Diabetic Nephropathy	Diabetic complication	Liu et al. (2019b)
C57BL/6 male mice	—	In vitro and in vivo	laudin-1↑, claudin-19↑, NFκB↓, TNF-α↓, p-ERK 1/2↓, Nrf2↑	Diabetic retinopathy	Diabetic complication	Mei et al. (2019)
WT mice and HRECs
Human retinal endothelial cells	—	In vitro	VEGF↓, p-ERK↓, p-FAK↓, p-Src↓	Diabetic retinopathy	Diabetic	Long et al. (2019)
Rats		In vivo			complication
Male Wistar rats	—	In vivo	MDA↓, ROS↓, Bcl-2↑, BAX↓, VEGF↑	Testicular Damages	Diabetic	Long et al. (2015)
					complication
Male SD rats	—	In vivo	blood glucose↓, TC↓, TG↓ LDL↓, HDL↑, LDH1↓, CK↓,	Diabetic cardiomyopathy	Diabetic	Su et al. (2022)
			Beclin-1↑, LC3-II↑		complication
Male Swiss mice	HFD-induced	In vivo	CK-MB↓, Troponin↓, BNP↓, SOD↑, CAT↑, GPx↑, GST↑, Nrf2↓	Diabetic cardiomyopathy	Diabetic	Huo et al. (2021)
			Nqo-1↓, Ho-1↓, Tlr4↓, Myd88↓, Nf-κb↓, IL-6↓, TNf-α↓, IKKβ↑		complication
			Cyt-c↓, Parp 1↓, bcl-2↑, caspase-3↓, caspase-9↓, Bax↓		complication
HUVECs	—	In vitro	Bcl-2↓, Bax↓ Cyt c↓, ROS↑, SOD↑, SOD2↑, LC3 II↑, Beclin 1↑	Diabetic	Diabetic	Xi et al. (2021)
			Atg 5↑, PINK1↑, Parkin↑, Mitofusin2↑	cardiomyopathy	complicatio
Male C57/B6 mice	—	In vivo	NLRP3↓, NF-κB↓, p-AKT↓, Nrf2↓, HO-1↓, EF↓, LVVd↓	Diabetic	Diabetic	Xu et al. (2021)
			CK↓, Col I↓, TGF-β1↓, SOD↑, CAT↑, GSH-Px↑, MDA↓	cardiomyopathy	complication
			ROS↓, IL-1β↓, IFN-γ↓, IL-6↓, MCP-1↓, TNF-α↓, IL-18↓
			LDH↓, cTnI↓
LO2	Induced by Hcy	In vivo and in vitro	Hcy↓, TG↓, CHO↓, LDL↓, ALT↓, AST↓, insulin↓, CBS↓, CSE↓	Diabetic	Diabetic	Wang et al. (2020)
Male SD rats	High-fat induced		MTHFR↓, folic acid↑, VitB6↑, VitB12↑	Liver Injury	complication
PC-9, H1975, Hela cells	—	In vitro	p-ERK1/2↑ ERK1/2↓, p-AKT↓, AKT↓, LC3-II↓	Lung cancer	Cancer	Sun et al. (2018a)
HepG2, Beas-2B cells			p-ERK1/2↑, p-AKT↓
A549 cells	—	In vitro	G0/G1↓, AKT↓, mTOR↓, BCL-XL↓, STAT3↓, p-STAT3↓, 4EBP1↑	Lung cancer	Cancer	Cao et al. (2019)
A549 cells	—	In vitro	ROS↑, caspase-3↑, TGF-β1↓	Lung cancer	Cancer	Zhang et al. (2021)
HepG2 and MHCC97-H cells	—	In vitro	EMT↓, p-JAK2↓, p-STAT3↓ E‐cadherin↑, snail↓, vimentin↓	Liver cancer	Cancer	Liu et al. (2019a)
HepG2 and SK-Hep1 cells	—	In vitro	STAT3↓, Girdin↓, AKT↓	Liver cancer	Cancer	Ke et al. (2017)
Male BALB/c nude mice		In vivo
C57BL/6 male mice	CAC caused by AOM/DSS	In vivo and in vitro	NF-κB↓, SHH↓, Ptch1↓, Smo↓, Gli1↓	Colorectal cancer	Cancer	Zeng et al. (2022)
SW480 cells
SW620, HCT116, LOVO	—	In vitro and in vivo	ephrinb2↓, ephB6↓, ephA1↓	Colorectal cancer	Cancer	Zhu et al. (2017)
HT29 cells and Balb/c nude mice
HT-29 CSC cells	—	In vitro and in vivo	Lgr5↓, c-Myc↓, CK20↓, Nanog↓, Gli1↓, CD133↓, Lgr5↓	Colorectal cancer	Cancer	Lei et al. (2020)
Nude mice			Gli1↓, Ptch1↓, c-Myc↓, Ki-67↓, CK20↓
HCT116 p53^+/+ (wild-type)	—	In vitro	caspase-6↑	Colorectal cancer	Cancer	Chan et al. (2009)
p53^-/- (knockout) cells
Male C57BL/6 mice	Induced by azoxymethane and	In vivo	Wnt/β-catenin↓, TNF-α↓, IL-6↓, Bax↑	Colorectal cancer	Cancer	Zeng et al. (2021)
HT-29 cells	dextran sulfate sodium	In vitro	Bcl-2↓, GSK-3β↓, cyclin D1↓
Mice	—	In vivo	p38 MAPK↓, TNFR2+Tregs↓, CD8+T↑	Colorectal cancer	Cancer	Chen et al. (2022)
WEHI-13VAR and CT26 cell		In vitro
HCT‑116 cells	—	In vitro	Bcl‑2↓, Bax↑, caspase‑3↑, p-p53↑	Colorectal cancer	Cancer	Yang et al. (2017)
AGS	—	In vitro and in vivo	LDH↓, G0-G1↑S↓, G2-M↓, SOD↑, GSH↑, CAT↑, MDA↓, 8-OHdG↓	Gastric cancer	Cancer	Sun and Meng (2022)
MGC-803 and AGS	—	In vitro	PI3K↓, PTEN↑	Gastric cancer	Cancer	Li et al. (2021)
SAS cells	—	In vitro and in vivo	MMP-2 and -9↓, integrin αvβ6↓, c-JUN↓	Oral squamous cell carcinoma	Cancer	Li et al. (2013)
Athymic Balb/ca nude mice
SAS and HSC-4 cells	—	In vitro	E-cadherin↑, αvβ6 integrin↓	Oral squamous cell carcinoma	Cancer	Li et al. (2010)
C57BL/6J mice	—	In vivo	retinal thinning and reduced visual behavioral deficits	Glaucoma	Eye	Pang and Clark (2020)
Female C57BL/6 mice	LPS-primed macrophages	In vivo and in vitro	NLRP3↓, IL-1β↓, caspase-1 ↓	Sepsis	Multiple Organ	Liu et al. (2017)