Figure 4.

Mechanistic pathways and regulatory targets of pyroptosis. DAMPs, cytokines, and granzymes derived from TAMs or other cells interact with surface receptors, including TLRs, IL-1R, and TNFR1, or directly induce pyroptosis. The execution of pyroptosis relies on the cleavage of gasdermin proteins, leading to pore formation, the release of mature IL-1β and IL-18, and the leakage of cellular contents, which results in the release of DAMPs including ATP, HSPs, and HMGB1. Toll-like receptors (TLRs), heat shock proteins (HSPs), IL-1 receptor (IL-1R).