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. 2024 Oct 21;151(8):875–883. doi: 10.1017/S0031182024001021

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© The Author(s) 2024

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.

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Figure 2. — Prevalence of European-transmitted (A), African-transmitted (B), lineages of unknown transmission (C), Haemoproteus (D), hPHSIB1 (E), non hPHSIB1 Haemoproteus infections, and Plasmodium (G) lineages in male (blue) and female (red) collared flycatchers with 95% confidence intervals. Older females experience a significant increase in infection risk with European, overall Haemoproteus and hPHSIB1 lineages. Both sexes experience a similar rate of increase in African, unknown-transmission, non hPHSIB1 and Plasmodium lineages over time.