Table 2.
Generalised linear mixed-effects models (GLMM) and generalised linear effects models (GLM) evaluating the role of age and sex in explaining malaria infection prevalence including; (a) all infections (b) only European-transmitted infections (c) only African-transmitted infections (d) only infections with unknown-transmission location (e) only Haemoproteus infections (f) only hPHSIB1 infections (g) only non-hPHSIB1 Haemoproteus infections, and (h) only Plasmodium infections in collared flycatchers. Significant values highlighted thusly (*>0.05; **>0.01; ***>0.001)
| Random effects (year) | Fixed effects | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model | Variance | Standard deviation | Fixed effect | Estimate | Standard error | z-value | P value |
| (a) All infections | 0.366 | 0.605 | Intercept | −0.565 | 0.483 | −1.169 | 0.243 |
| age | 0.738 | 0.188 | 3.932 | 0.001*** | |||
| sex | −0.173 | 0.633 | −0.274 | 0.785 | |||
| sampling date | −0.013 | 0.013 | −1.007 | 0.314 | |||
| age*sex | −0.549 | 0.275 | −1.997 | 0.046 | |||
| sampling date * sex | 0.007 | 0.016 | 0.466 | 0.641 | |||
| (b) European infections | 0.510 | 0.714 | Intercept | −1.574 | 0.417 | −3.777 | <0.001*** |
| age | 0.729 | 0.217 | 3.365 | 0.001*** | |||
| sex | −0.004 | 0.288 | −0.015 | 0.988 | |||
| sampling date | −0.003 | 0.010 | −0.279 | 0.780 | |||
| age*sex | −0.643 | 0.322 | −1.995 | 0.046* | |||
| (c) African infections | - | - | Intercept | −3.465 | 0.775 | −4.468 | <0.001*** |
| age | 0.304 | 0.498 | 0.610 | 0.542 | |||
| sex | −0.782 | 0.855 | −0.914 | 0.361 | |||
| sampling date | −0.002 | 0.020 | −0.124 | 0.902 | |||
| age*sex | 0.610 | 0.917 | 0.665 | 0.506 | |||
| (d) Unknown transmission | 0.344 | 0.587 | Intercept | −1.830 | 0.451 | −4.057 | <0.001*** |
| age | 0.356 | 0.285 | 1.252 | 0.210 | |||
| sex | 0.348 | 0.360 | 0.965 | 0.335 | |||
| sampling date | −0.006 | 0.011 | −0.593 | 0.553 | |||
| age*sex | −0.307 | 0.401 | −0.765 | 0.444 | |||
| (e) Haemoproteus infections | 0.658 | 0.811 | Intercept | −1.102 | 0.415 | −2.658 | 0.008** |
| age | 0.751 | 0.207 | 3.621 | <0.001*** | |||
| sex | −0.030 | 0.279 | −0.106 | 0.915 | |||
| sampling date | −0.016 | 0.009 | −1.680 | 0.093 | |||
| age*sex | −0.628 | 0.312 | −2.014 | 0.044* | |||
| (f) hPHSIB1 infection | 0.647 | 0.805 | Intercept | −1.830 | 0.451 | −4.057 | <0.001*** |
| age | 0.702 | 0.226 | 3.101 | 0.002** | |||
| sex | 0.012 | 0.301 | 0.041 | 0.967 | |||
| sampling date | −0.005 | 0.010 | −0.446 | 0.655 | |||
| age*sex | −0.671 | 0.336 | −1.999 | 0.046** | |||
| (g) non-hPHSIB1 Haemoproteus infections | 0.096 | 0.310 | Intercept | −2.009 | 0.548 | −3.669 | <0.001*** |
| age | 0.432 | 0.351 | 1.233 | 0.218 | |||
| sex | −0.333 | 0.562 | −0.593 | 0.553 | |||
| sampling date | −0.029 | 0.014 | −2.038 | 0.042* | |||
| age*sex | −0.084 | 0.619 | −0.136 | 0.892 | |||
| (h) Plasmodium infections | - | - | Intercept | −3.509 | 0.701 | −5.004 | <0.001*** |
| age | 0.451 | 0.452 | 0.998 | 0.318 | |||
| sex | −0.634 | 0.728 | −0.871 | 0.384 | |||
| sampling date | 0.002 | 0.018 | 0.104 | 0.917 | |||
| age*sex | 0.430 | 0.777 | 0.553 | 0.580 | |||